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      •Type IIb (MEN III) ⇔ Pheochromocytoma, adrenal medulla, thyroid medulla

      14. MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM

      Myasthenia Gravis

      •20-30 year-old female

      •Thymic hyperplasia

      •Eaton-Lambert myasthenia

      •Motor end-plate acetylcholine receptor antibody

      •Fatigue on exertion

      •Swallowing and ocular muscles problems

      •Symptoms worse at night

      •Improves with edrophonium

      Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

      •Dystrophin deficiency

      •X-linked

      •Calves pseudohypertrophy

      •Creatine-phosphokinase

      Becker Muscular Dystrophy

      •X-linked

      •Better prognosis than Duchenne

      •Walking through mid 20’s

      Rheumatoid Arthritis

      •Rheumatoid factor

      •Pannus

      •Proximal interphalangeal joints

      •Symmetric arthritis

      •HLA antigen

      •Felty’s syndrome

      Gout

      •Hyperuricemia

      •Tophi

      •Monosodium urate crystals in joints

      •Uric acid stones

      •Metatarsophalangeal joint

      Osteosarcoma

      •Malignant

      •Adolescence

      •Codman’s triangle

      •Metaphysis

      •Retinoblastoma

      •Chromosome 13, deletion 14

      Chondrosarcoma

      •Pelvis

      •Mostly older adult males

      •Malignant

      Ewing’s Sarcoma

      •Diaphysis

      •Skull metastasis

      •Soft tissue penetration

      •Pelvis and long bones

      •Young male Caucasian (< 15)

      •Resembles osteomyelitis

      •“Onion skin”

      Paget’s Bone Disease

      •Increased osteoblastic and osteoclastic activities

      •Tibial bowing

      •Mosaic bone

      •Increased serum phosphatase

      •High output cardiac failure

      •Increased risk of osteosarcoma

      Ankylosing Spondylitis

      •Spine sacroiliac joint

      •HLA-B27

      •Young male

      •Aortic insufficiency

      •Iritis

      15. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

      CNS Keyboard Associations

      •Syphilis ⇔ Tabes dorsalis

      •Rabies ⇔ Negri body

      •Epidural hematoma ⇔ Middle meningeal

      •Subdural hematoma ⇔ Bridging veins tear

      •Berry aneurysm ⇔ Subarachnoidal hemorrhage

      •Cerebral infarct ⇔ Middle cerebral artery

      •Anencephaly ⇔ α-fetoprotein

      •Pituitary tumor ⇔ bitemporal hemianopsia

      •Toxoplasmosis ⇔ Placental infection

      •Lacunar infarct ⇔ Thalamus

      •Creutzfeldt-Jacob ⇔ Rapidly progressive dementia

      •Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy ⇔ Measles, AIDS

      •Meningioma ⇔ Psammoma bodies, Palisading

      •Alzheimer’s ⇔ Neurofibrillary tangles, β2 Amyloid, most common

      •Pick’s disease ⇔ Pick’s bodies

      •Guillain-Barré syndrome ⇔ Acute peripheral neuritis

      •Multiple Sclerosis ⇔ HLA haplotypes

      •Parkinson’s ⇔ Substantia nigra, Lewy bodies, L-dopa, Resting tremor

      •Toxoplasmosis ⇔ Transplacental

      •Viral meningoencephalitis ⇔ Perivascular cuffing, glial inclusion bodies

      •Poliomyelitis ⇔ Necrosis of anterior horn of spinal cord

      •Idiopathic Parkinson’s ⇔ Paralysis agitans, Lewy bodies, L-dopa

      •Von Economo’s encephalitis ⇔ Post-encephalitis Parkinsonism

      •Shy-Dragger Syndrome ⇔ Parkinsonism plus autonomic disorder

      •Cytomegalovirus ⇔ Giant cells with eosinophilic bodies

      •Kuru ⇔ Cannibalism, spongiosis

      •Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis ⇔ measles

      •Progressive Multifocal leukoencephaly ⇔ Papovavirus

      Pyogenic Meningitis

      •E. Coli, infants

      •H. Influenzae, Children

      •N. Meningitidis, adolescence

      Multiple Sclerosis

      •Increased CSF immunoglobulin

      •HLA haplotypes

      •Paraventricular plaques

      •Helper CD4+ and cytotoxic CD8+ T lymphocytic infiltration

      •IgM antibody = recent primary infection

      Alzheimer’s

      •Progressive dementia

      •Choline acetyltransferase deficiency

      •Alteration of nucleus basalis of Meynert

      Parkinson’s

      •Substantia nigra

      •Lewy bodies

      •L-dopa

      •Resting tremor

      •Rigidity

      •Bradykinesia

      •Mask-like facies

      Huntington’s Disease

      •Atrophy of caudate nucleus

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