LITMIR.BIZ

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malignancies

      •Hyper-pigmentation

      Vitiligo

      •Albino-like manifestations

      •Antimelanocyte antibodies

      Squamous Cell Carcinoma

      •Men more than women

      •Sun-damaged skin

      •Metastatic potency

      •Keratin pearls

      Herpes Zoster

      •Chicken pox

      •Dorsal root ganglia

      •Dermatome eruption

      Albinism

      •Tyrosine

      •Ocular: X-linked

      Contact Dermatitis

      •T-cells

      13. ENDOCRINE CONDITIONS

      Pituitary Hyperfunctions

      •Prolactinoma ⇔ Chromophobic cells; Amenorrhea, galactorrhea

      •Somatotropic adenoma ⇔ Acidophilic adenoma; Gigantism; acromegaly

      •Corticotropic adenoma ⇔ Basophilic, ACTH, Cushing’s

      •Antidiuretic Hyperfunction ⇔ ectopic lung carcinoma

      Pituitary Hypofunction

      •Simmond’s Disease ⇔ Panhypopituitarism; wasting

      •Sheehan’s ⇔ Postpartum ischemic necrosis

      •Growth hormone ⇔ Dwarfism

      •TSH ⇔ Secondary hypothyroidism

      •ADH ⇔ Diabetes insipidus

      Thyroid

      •Hypothyroidism ⇔ Cretinism and myxedema

      •Hashimoto’s thyroiditis ⇔ Autoimmune, Lymphocytic infiltration, anti-thyroglobulin antibodies; Hypothyroid

      •Plummer’s Syndrome ⇔ Colloid accumulation, Hyperthyroidism with no exophthalmia

      •Thyroglossal Duct Cyst ⇔ Common Congenital

      Grave’s Disease

      •Toxic goiter

      •Exophthalmia

      •HLA-DR3, HLA-B8

      •Thyroid Stimulating Immunoglobulin (TSI)

      •Thyroid Growth Immunoglobulin (TGI)

      Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma

      •Ground-glass nuclei

      •Psammoma bodies

      Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma

      •Capsule invasion

      •Vessel invasion

      •Vascular metastasis (poor prognosis)

      Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma

      •Calcitonin

      •Associated with MEN IIa and IIb

      •Amyloid stroma

      Primary Hyperparathyroidism

      •Increased alkaline phosphatase

      •Osteitis fibrosa

      •Cystic-brown bone tumor

      •Hypercalcemia

      •Hypophosphatemia

      •Increased PTH

      Secondary Hyperparathyroidism

      •Chronic Renal Disease

      •Hypocalcemia

      •Osteoclastic bone disease

      •Increased PTH

      •Hyperphosphatemia

      Pseudohypoparathyroidism

      •Autosomal recessive

      •Short finger and stature

      •Unresponsiveness to PTH

      Hypoparathyroidism

      •Surgical accident (Thyroidectomy)

      •DiGeorge’s Syndrome

      •Tetany and hypocalcemia, seizures

      •Chvostek and Trousseau signs

      •Low calcium, high phosphate

      •Low PTH

      Cushing’s Syndrome

      •Hypercortism (Adrenal)

      •High ACTH activity

      •Adrenal cortical adenoma

      •Adrenal carcinoma

      •Zona fasciculata

      •Hypokalemia, glucosuria

      Primary Adrenocortical Deficiency

      •Addison’s

      •Autoimmune atrophy

      •TB, infections

      •Hypotension

      •Pigmentation

      •Decreased serum Na+

      •High serum K+

      Pheochromocytoma

      •Adrenal Medullary tumor

      •Chromaffin cells

      •Episodic Hypertension

      •Increased urinary catecholamines

      Neuroblastoma

      •Homer Wright rosettes

      •Spontaneous differentiation to ganglioneuroma

      •Childhood

      •N-myc oncogene

      Diabetes Mellitus

      See also pancreas/liver

      •TYPE I ⇔ Ketoacidosis, young, HLA DR3 and DR4

      •TYPE II ⇔ less ketoacidosis, older, obese, neuropathy

      Insulinoma

      •β-Cell tumor

      •Whipple’s Triad

      •Increased circulatory pre-insulin

      Gastrinoma

      •Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome

      •Hypergastrinemia

      Glucagonoma

      •Secondary diabetes mellitus

      •Necrolytic migratory erythema

      VIPoma

      •AKA. Werner-Morrison Syndrome

      •Pancreatic tumor

      •Elevated vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)

      •Watery diarrhea

      •Hypokalemia

      •Achlorhydria

      •Dehydration

      Men

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