LITMIR.BIZ

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      •Large bowel, cecum

      •Flask-shaped ulcers

      •Brain-liver abscesses

      Pseudomembraneous Colitis

      •Due to antimicrobials

      •Clostridium difficile

      Ulcerative Colitis

      •Young adults

      •Large bowel

      •Crypts abscess

      •Pseudopolyps

      •Mucosal/submucosal inflammation

      Crohn’s Disease

      •Jewish young adults (20-30)

      •Granulomas

      •Transmural inflammation

      •Cobblestones

      •String sign

      •Fistulas

      Villous Adenoma

      •Cauliflower shape

      •Rectum

      •Protein losing enteropathy

      Tubular Adenoma

      •Colonal lesions

      •Most common

      •Small and pedunculated

      Adenocarcinoma

      •Iron deficiency anemia

      •Apple-core lesions

      •CEA elevation in serum

      Meckel’s Diverticulum

      •Vitelline duct remnant

      •Intussusception and volvulus

      •Distal small intestine

      Colonal Carcinoma

      •Men 60-70

      •Adenocarcinoma

      •CEA antigen

      Hirschsprung’s Disease

      •Congenital megacolon

      •Lack of ganglion cells (Meissner and Auerbach)

      •No meconium

      •Colonic dilatation proximal to aganglionic segment

      Familial Polyposis

      •100% risk of malignant transformation

      •Autosomal dominance

      8. LIVER AND PANCREAS

      Hepatitis B

      •Parenteral, sexual and vertical transmission

      •Acidophil (Councilman) body

      •Ground glass hepatocytes

      •Apoptosis

      •Hepatocellular carcinoma

      •ALT > AST

      Hepatitis A

      •Fecal-oral transmission

      •Direct hyperbilirubinemia

      •Incubation: 14 - 21 days

      •ALT > AST

      Hepatitis C

      •Blood transfusion

      •Proliferative glomerulonephritis

      Reye’s Syndrome

      •Young children

      •Encephalopathy and coma

      •Flu-like illness;

      •Chicken pox and Influenza

      •Aspirin ingestion

      •Fatty Liver

      Primary Billiary Cirrhosis

      •Autoimmune

      •Middle-aged women

      •Antimitochondrial antibody

      •Severe obstructive jaundice

      Chronic Passive Congestion

      •Right heart failure

      •Nutmeg liver

      Hepatic Adenoma

      •Subcapsular and intraperitoneal hemorrhage

      •Oral contraceptives

      Hepatocellular Carcinoma

      •Most common primary malignancy

      •Hepatitis B, cirrhosis

      •Aflatoxin B

      •Alpha-fetoprotein marker

      •Alcoholism

      •Low serum albumin

      •Increased PT, Ascites

      •Wilson disease

      Angiosarcoma

      •Vinyl chloride

      •Thorotrast

      •Arsenic

      Alcoholic Cirrhosis

      •Mallory’s hyaline—cytokeratin filament

      •Fatty liver changes

      •Focal necrosis

      Wilson’s Disease

      •Autosomal recessive

      •Kayser-Fleischer rings, cornea

      •Hepatolenticular degeneration

      •Copper accumulation, liver

      •Low ceruloplasmin

      •Chromosome 13, band q14.3

      Hemochromatosis

      •Iron absorption defect

      •Cirrhosis

      •Bronze diabetes

      •Steatorrhea

      •Skin pigmentation

      α-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency

      •Barrel-shaped chest

      •RT ventricular hypertrophy

      •Obstructive pattern

      •Panacinar emphysema-lower lobe

      •Cirrhosis

      Chronic Pancreatitis

      •40+ men

      •Alcoholism

      •Steatorrhea

      •Epigastric pain

      •High serum amylase and lipase

      •Cystic fibrosis

      Acute Pancreatitis

      •Male

      •Alcoholism

      •Mid epigastric pain

      •Increased Amylase, SGOT, LDH

      •Hypocalcemia

      •Gall stones

      Cholangiocarcinoma

      •Intrahepatic

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