Primary Care for COMLEX Level 1 - Dr. Jahan Eftekar

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coloration

      Folate Deficiency

      (Megaloblastic)

      •Chronic Alcoholism

      •Pregnancy

      •Giardia lamblia

      •Cancer chemotherapy

      •Spina bifida of fetus

      Hemolytic Anemia

      •Increased Serum Bilirubin

      •Pigmented Gallstones

      •Reticulocytosis

      •Decreased Haptoglobin

      Warm Antibody Autoimmune

      Hemolytic Anemia

      •IgG auto-antibodies

      •Positive Coombs test

      •Spherocytosis

      •Secondary to Hodgkin’s

      Cold Agglutinin Anemia

      •Anti-I-antibody

      •Lymphoid neoplasms

      •Cold weather

      •Jaundice

      4. HEMATOPOEITIC AND LYMPHOID DISORDERS

      Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

      •Bilateral hilar Adenopathy

      •Young adult men

      •Reed-Sternberg Cells (Eosinophilic Giant Cells)

      •Stage I-IV

      •Elevated erythrocytic sedimentation rate

      •Lymphopenia

      Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

      •B-cells

      •Malignancy

      •Lymph node adenopathy

      •Elevated LDH

      •“Starry sky”

      •Splenomegaly

      Lymphoblastic Lymphoma

      •Male children

      •Mediastinal mass

      •T-cell type

      Burkitt’s Lymphoma

      •Non-nucleated cells

      •High grade B-cell lymphoma

      •Starry-Sky histology

      •EBV infection

      •Translocation Chromosomes 8 and 14

      •American form = Abdominal organs, ovary, girls

      •African form = jaws, boys

      Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia

      •Children

      •CNS infiltrate

      •Ecchymoses

      •Lymphoblast

      Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)

      •B-Cells

      •Aged men

      •Early hypogammaglobinemia  Granulocytopenia and thrombocytopenia

      •Low IgG

      Acute Myeloblastic Leukemia (AML)

      •Auer rods in myeloblasts

      •Adults

      •DIC

      •Increased PT, PTT

      •Splenomegaly

      •Translocation 15 and 17

      Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)

      •Blastic crisis

      •Marked leukocytosis

      •Middle aged (35-50)

      •Myeloid stem cells

      •Translocation of 9 and 22 (Philadelphia chromosome)

      •No lymphadenopathy

      •Splenomegaly

      •Ethanol Abuse

      Multiple Myeloma

      •60+ years

      •Normocytic normochromic anemia

      •M-protein spike, IgG or IgM

      •Urine Bence Jones protein

      •Lytic-punched out bony lesions

      •Rouleaux formation by RBCs

      •Hypercalcemia

      •Russell’s bodies

      Infectious Mononucleosis

      •Rupture of spleen

      •Hepatosplenomegaly

      •EBV

      •Cytotoxic T cells

      5. HEMORRHAGIC DISORDERS

      Disseminated Intra-vascular Coagulation (DIC)

      •Petechial hemorrhage, purpura

      •Low fibrinogen

      •Prolonged PT and PTT

      •Schistocytes

      •Abruptio placentae

      •Fibrin cross-linkage

      Primary Haemostatic Hemorrhage

      •Thrombocytopenia (DIC)

      •Vitamin C deficiency

      •Willebrand’s Disease

      •Klansman’s Disease

      •Mucocutaneous hemorrhage

      Secondary Haemostatic Hemorrhage

      •Hemophilia

      •Bleeding of large vessels

      •Factor VIII

      •Vitamin K deficiency

      •Hepatic diseases

      6. PULMONARY DISORDERS

      Bronchiectasis

      •More in bases than apices, except in TB

      •Paroxysmal cough

      •Cystic fibrosis (mucoviscidosis)

      •Kartagener’s Syndrome

      •Permanent abnormal bronchial dilatation

      •Obstruction by tumor

      •Chronic sinusitis

      Lobar Pneumonia

      •Pneumococcus

      •Klebsiella

      •Interalveolar exudate

      Pneumocystis Carnii Pneumonia

      •Fluffy foamy intra-alveolar exudate

      •Helmet shaped cells with silver stain

      •AIDS

      •Upper lobes

      Cytomegalovirus

      •Pneumonia

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