LITMIR.BIZ

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      •Young children

      •Cerebellum

      •Rosette or perivascular pseudo-rosette pattern

      16. ONCOGENIC AGENTS

      Viral Oncogens

      •HPV ⇔ Cervical carcinoma, 16 and 18

      •Kaposi sarcoma associated herpes (KSHV) ⇔ Kaposi’s sarcoma

      •EBV ⇔ Burkitt’s Lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma

      •HBV ⇔ Hepatocellular carcinoma

      •HTLV-1 ⇔ Adult T-cell leukemia and lymphoma

      Energy-Related Oncogens

      •UV ⇔ Basal and squamous cell carcinoma + melanoma of skin

      •Radiation Therapy ⇔ Leukemias, Thyroid carcinoma, Skin melanoma

      Chemical Oncogens

      •Viral Chloride ⇔ Hepatic Angiosarcoma

      •Thorotrast ⇔ Hepatic angiosarcoma

      •Aflatoxin B ⇔ Hepatocellular carcinoma

      Other Oncogens

      •Alkylating agents ⇔ Leukemia/Lymphoma

      •Nitrosamines ⇔ Gastric carcinoma

      •Asbestos ⇔ Mesothelioma

      •Arsenic ⇔ Squamous cell carcinoma

      •Chromium and Nickel ⇔ Pulmonary carcinoma

      •Cigarette Smoking ⇔ Pulmonary, Oral and Bladder carcinoma

      •Low fiber ⇔ Colon Adenocarcinoma

      •High fat ⇔ Breast carcinoma

      •Benzene ⇔ Acute leukemia

      •Nickel, chromium ⇔ lung cancer

      •DES ⇔ Vaginal clear cell Adenocarcinoma, vaginal adenosis

      •Alcohol ⇔ Esophageal squamous carcinoma

      •N-myc ⇔ Neuroblastoma

      •L-myc ⇔ Small cell carcinoma of lung

      •Bcl-2 ⇔ Follicular lymphomas

      •Erb-b2 ⇔ Breast and ovarian carcinomas

      •Myc ⇔ Burkitt’s lymphoma

      17. TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES

      Gene, Chromosome ⇔ Related Tumor

      •NF-2, 22q ⇔ Acoustic neuroma; Neurofibromatosis II

      •NF-1, 17q ⇔ Neurofibromatosis Type I

      •BRCA-1, 17q ⇔ Ovarian and breast cancer

      •BRCA-2, 13q ⇔ Breast

      •APC, 5q ⇔ Familial polyposis

      •DCC, 18q ⇔ Coloanal and gastric

      •Rb, 13q ⇔ Osteosarcoma, Retinoblastoma

      •WT-1, 11p ⇔ Wilm’s

      18. ENZYME MARKERS

      •Lipase ⇔ Acute pancreatitis

      •Aminotransferase (AST and ALT) ⇔ Myocardial infarction, viral and alcoholic hepatitis

      •Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase ⇔ Liver diseases

      •Amylase ⇔ Acute pancreatitis, Mumps, Wilson’s

      •CPK ⇔ Myocardial infarction and muscle disorder

      19. AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES

      SLE

      •10 times more in females

      •More in blacks

      •20-30 years of age

      •Photosensitivity

      •Butterfly facial rash

      •Triggered by Procainamide

      •ANA

      •Anti-ds DNA

      •Sm antigen

      •Libman-Sachs endocarditis

      •Diffuse Glomerulonephritis

      Sjogren’s Syndrome

      •Middle age women

      •HLA-DR3

      •Parotid enlargement

      •Xerostomia

      •Rheumatoid arteritis

      •Keratoconjunctivitis

      Scleroderma

      •AKA. Systemic sclerosis

      •Raynaud’s phenomena

      •Esophageal fibrosis

      •ANA (antinuclear antibody)

      •Hyper-gammaglobinemia

      •Anticentromere angiopathy

      •Xerostomia

      Amyloid

      •Congo red stain

      •Multiple myeloma

      •Alzheimer

      •Dilated: Congestive

      Graves Disease

      •Middle-aged female

      •Exophthalmia

      •Heat intolerance

      Hashimato Thyroiditis

      •Auto microsomal antibody

      •Enlarged thyroid

      •Lymphocytic infiltration

      •Cold intolerance

      •Associated with: SLE, Sjogren’s, chronic hepatitis, HLA-DR5 and DR3

      Myasthenia Gravis

      See musculoskeletal

      Lambert- Eaton Syndrome

      •Similar to myasthenia

      •Auto-antibody to Ca⁺⁺ channels

      •Decreased presynaptic Ach release

      •Proximal weakness

      Good Pasture’s

      •Males

      •Autoantibody against basement membrane

      •Kidneys and lungs

      Dermatomyositis

      •Eye and knuckle’s rash

      •Bilateral proximal muscle weakness

      •Polymyositis

      •Increased CPK, SGOT, LDH, and CK

      •Subcutaneous calcification

      Rheumatoid Arthritis

      •Antibody against Fc of IgG

      •Female, 40-50

      •Pannus

      •Synovitis and morning stiffness

      •Joint deformity

      20.

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