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Hypertrophy ⇔ M-Shaped P wave

      •Right Atrial Hypertrophy ⇔ Tall P

      •Left Ventricular Hypertrophy ⇔ Tall QRS

      33. INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND THEIR CAUSES

      •Adult bacterial meningitis ⇔ Neisseria meningitidis, Strept pneumoniae

      •Elderly bacterial meningitis ⇔ Strept pneumoniae, Gram-negative bacilli

      •Neonate bacterial meningitis ⇔ Strept agalactiae, Staph aureus, Klebsiella, and E coli

      •Granulomatous (chronic) meningitis ⇔ Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Cryptococcus neoformans

      •Viral meningitis and encephalitis ⇔ Enterovirus, arbo virus, herpes simplex, HIV and Arbovirus

      •Bronchitis ⇔ H. influenza, and Streptococcus pneumoniae

      •Pneumonia, neonatal ⇔ E coli, strep agalactiae

      •Pneumonia, infants ⇔ Chlamydia trachomatis

      •Pneumonia, children ⇔ Parainfluenza, RSV, Mycoplasma, and influenza A

      •Tonsillitis ⇔ Beta-hemolytic Streptococcus

      •Pharyngitis and Laryngitis ⇔ Mainly Viral (Adenovirus, Herpes, EBV, Coxsackie’s)

      •Stomach ulcers ⇔ Helicobacter pylori

      •Sinusitis ⇔ Staph aureus and Strep pneumoniae

      •Burn sepsis ⇔ Pseudomonas aeruginosa

      •Carbuncle ⇔ Staph aureus

      •Catheter sepsis ⇔ Staph aureus, and Candida

      •Common Cold ⇔ Rhino virus

      •Cystitis/pyelonephritis ⇔ E. coli

      •PID ⇔ Neisseria gonorrhea, and Chlamydia trachomatis

      •Endocarditis ⇔ Strep viridans, Staph aureus and epidermidis

      •Osteomyelitis ⇔ Staph aureus

      •Arthritis ⇔ Staph aureus, and Neisseria gonorrhea

      •Genital ulcer ⇔ Syphilis and herpes

      •Otitis media ⇔Strep pneumoniae and H. influenza

      •Otitis externa ⇔ Pseudomonas aeruginosa

      •Urethritis ⇔ Chlamydia

      •Food poisoning ⇔ Bacillus cereus, Staph aureus, Clostridium perfringens, and clostridium botulism

      34. NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCIES

      Keyboard Associations

      Vitamin / Element ⇔ Attributes/Diseases

      •Vitamin A ⇔ Vision, Xerophthalmia

      •Vitamin B1 ⇔ Beri Beri, Wernicke-Korsakoff

      •Vitamin B2 ⇔ Angular stomatitis

      •Vitamin B5 ⇔ Dermatitis

      •Vitamin B6 ⇔ Convulsions, hyperirritability

      •Vitamin B12 ⇔ Macrocytic and Megaloblastic Anemia

      •Vitamin B3 (Niacin) ⇔ Pellagra, Hartnup’s, 3 D’s (dementia, dermatitis, and diarrhea)

      •Biotin ⇔ Dermatitis

      •Folic Acid ⇔ Anemia (Macrocytic and megaloblastic); PABA is folic acid analog in bacteria; Sulfa drugs are PABA analogs

      •Vitamin C ⇔ Scurvy

      •Vitamin D2 and D3 ⇔ Deficiency = Rickets, and osteomalacia; Excess= Hypercalcemia, Stupor

      •Vitamin E ⇔ Fragile RBC

      •Vitamin K ⇔ Neonatal hemorrhage; Clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X affected

      •Ca⁺⁺ and PO₃ ⇔ Rickets and osteomalacia

      •Na⁺ and K⁺ ⇔ Paralysis and weakness

      •Cl^- ⇔ Diarrhea and renal disease

      •Mg⁺⁺ ⇔ Diarrhea

      •Fe⁺⁺ ⇔ Microcytic anemia

      •Fiber ⇔ Constipation, colon cancer, and hypercholesterolemia

      •Essential fatty acids ⇔ Membrane function loss, water loss and dermatitis

      35. CNS LESIONS AND ASSOCIATED CONDITIONS

      Keyboard Associations

      CNS Organ ⇔ Attributes / Diseases

      •Temporal lobe ⇔ Epilepsy

      •Frontal lobe ⇔ Personality change, and judgment deficit

      •Right parietal lobe ⇔ Contralateral agnosia

      •Occipital lobe ⇔ Visual defect

      •Broca’s ⇔ Motor aphasia

      •Wernicke’s ⇔ Sensory aphasia

      •Amygdala (bilateral) ⇔ Kluver-Bucy syndrome

      •Mamillary bodies (alcoholism) ⇔ Wernicke-Korsakoff’s psychosis

      •Hippocampus ⇔ Memory deficit

      •Basal Meynert nuclei (Ach) ⇔ Alzheimer’s

      •Substantia Nigra (dopamine) ⇔ Parkinson’s

      •Caudate nucleus (GABA) ⇔ Huntington chorea

      •Subthalamic nucleus (Glu) ⇔ Hemiballism

      •Cerebellum (spino/cerebro) ⇔ Asynergia, ataxia, dysmetria, intention tremor

      •Cerebellum (vestibule) ⇔ equilibrium)

      •Nucleus of VI ⇔ Lateral gaze paralysis

      •Nerve VI ⇔ Medial strabismus, lateral rectus palsy

      •Nerve III ⇔ Mydriasis, ptosis, lateral strabismus

      •Nerves VI and VII, Pyramidal tract ⇔ Millard-Gubler Syndrome

      •Brainstem above superior colliculus ⇔ Decerebrate rigidity

      •Reticular formation ⇔ syncope

      •Anterior spinal artery (proximal) ⇔ Inferior alternating hemiplegia

      •Posterior inferior cerebellar artery ⇔ Wallenberg syndrome (lateral medullary syndrome)

      •Anterior inferior cerebellar artery ⇔ Lower lateral pontine syndrome

      •Superior cerebellar artery ⇔Rostral lateral pontine syndrome

      •Hemisection of spinal cord ⇔ Brown-Sequard syndrome

      •Conus medullaris ⇔ Areflexive bladder

      •Above T6 ⇔ Autonomic dysreflexia

      •Upper Motor Neuron Signs ⇔ Positive Babinski, Spastic Paralysis, Hyperreflexia, Loss of Cutaneous Reflexes

      •Lower Motor Neuron Signs ⇔ Flaccid Paralysis, Hypotonia, Areflexia, Hyporeflexia, Muscle atrophy, Muscle Fasciculation

      •Alternating Hemiplegia ⇔ Superior III, Trigeminal V, Middle VI, and Inferior VII

      36. ZOONOTIC DISEASES

      Keyboard Associations

      Human Disease ⇔ Common Animal Host (Vector)

      •Pasteurellosis ⇔ Dogs, cats

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