LITMIR.BIZ

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      •Neonatal tetany

      •Loss of cell mediated immunity

      •Abnormal facies

      Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome

      •X-linked recessive

      •Eczema

      •Thrombocytopenia

      •Recurrent infections

      SCID (Severe Combined Immunodeficiency)

      •B and T cell deficiency

      •Sex-linked or autosomal recessive

      Acquired Immunodeficiency (AIDS)

      •HIV

      •ELISA and Western Blot

      21. INFLAMMATION

      Keyboard Associations

      •Acute ⇔ Neutrophils

      •Chronic ⇔ Macrophage, lymphocyte, fibrosis

      •Bacteria ⇔ Neutrophils

      •Virus and Fungi ⇔ Macrophages, Lymphocytes

      •C5A ⇔ Chemotaxis

      •C5-9 ⇔Membrane attack complex

      •Opsonins ⇔ IgG, C3b

      •Chediak-Higashi ⇔ Chemotaxic defect

      •Bradykinin ⇔ Pain

      •Leukotriene B4 ⇔ Chemotaxis

      •Leukotriene C4, D4, E4 ⇔ vasodilation

      22. PRE-CANCEROUS STATES AND ASSOCIATED CANCERS

      Keyboard Associations

      •Actinic keratosis ⇔ Squamous cell carcinoma

      •Alcoholic Cirrhosis ⇔ Hepatocellular carcinoma

      •AIDS ⇔ Kaposi’s sarcoma, and aggressive B-cell lymphomas

      •Autoimmune diseases (Hashimoto’s, myasthenia gravis) ⇔ Malignant and benign thymomas

      •Barrett’s esophagus ⇔ Esophageal Adenocarcinoma

      •Café au lait of skin ⇔ Neurofibromatosis

      •Chronic atrophic gastritis ⇔ Gastric Adenocarcinoma

      •Hepatitis B ⇔ Hepatocellular carcinoma

      •Paget’s ⇔ Oste and fibrosarcomas

      •Pernicious anemia ⇔ Gastric Adenocarcinoma

      •Plummer-Vinson Syndrome ⇔ Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

      •Tuberous sclerosis ⇔ cardiac rhabdomyoma

      •Ulcerative Colitis ⇔ Colonic Adenocarcinoma

      •Xeroderma pigmentosum ⇔ Basal and squamous cell carcinoma of skin

      23. TUMOR MARKERS

      Keyboard Associations

      •βHCG ⇔ Hydatidiform mole, Choriocarcinoma, dysgerminoma

      •α-1 Anti-Trypsin ⇔ Liver, yolk sac

      •S-100 ⇔ Neural neoplasms and melanoma

      •Bombesin ⇔ Neuroblastoma, pancreatic and gastric carcinomas

      •CA-125 ⇔ Ovarian tumors

      •α-Fetoprotein ⇔ Hepatocellular carcinoma, yolk sac, malignant teratoma

      •CEA ⇔ Breast, colorectal, and pancreatic CA

      •PSA ⇔ Prostate adenocarcinoma

      •Acid Phosphatase ⇔ prostate

      24. CELLULAR INJURY

      Keyboard Associations

      •Aplasia ⇔ Agenesis

      •Anaplasia ⇔ Lack of consistent differentiation

      •Hypoplasia ⇔ slow genesis

      •Metaplasia ⇔ replacement of tissues

      •Hypertrophy ⇔ Size

      •Hyperplasia ⇔ Number

      •Irreversible damage indicators ⇔ AST, CPK, LDH

      •Autolysis ⇔ Degradation by internal enzymes

      •Heterolysis ⇔ Degradation by extrinsic enzymes

      •Pyknosis ⇔ Nuclear shrinkage

      •Karyorrhexis ⇔ Chromatin fragmentation

      •Karyolysis ⇔ Dissolution of pyknotic nucleus

      •Apoptosis ⇔ Councilman body of viral hepatitis

      •Coagulation necrosis ⇔ nuclear changes

      •Liquefaction necrosis ⇔ Liquefied necrotic tissues (Brain)

      •Caseous necrosis ⇔ Soft, cheesy (TB)

      •Gangrenous Necrosis ⇔ Wet/dry

      •Fibrinoid necrosis ⇔ Arterial fibrin-like deposition

      •Traumatic Fat necrosis ⇔ Breast

      •Enzymatic Fat necrosis ⇔ Pancreas

      •Lipofuscin ⇔ Wear/Tear aging

      •Hemosiderin ⇔ Red cell destruction

      •Increased Melanin ⇔ sun tanning

      •Decreased Melanin ⇔ Vitiligo

      •Free radical ⇔ Lipid peroxidation

      •Carbon ⇔ Anthracosis

      •Lead poisoning (Plumbism) ⇔ RBC Basophilic stippling

      •Methanol poisoning ⇔ CNS edema, blindness

      •Carbon monoxide ⇔ Cherry red skin

      25. AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE DISORDERS

      Keyboard Associations

      Condition ⇔ Deficiency/Symptom

      •Alkaptonuria ⇔ Homogentisic oxidase

      •Cori’s Disease (Glycogen Storage III) ⇔ Amylo 1, 6-glucosidase

      •Pompe’s (Glycogenesis II) ⇔ α-1,4 glucosidase

      •Von Gierke’s (Glycogenesis I) ⇔ Glucose-6-phosphatase

      •McArdle’s (Glycogenesis V) ⇔ Muscle phosphorylase

      •Galactosemia ⇔ Galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase

      •Tay-Sachs ⇔ Hexosaminidase A

      •Hurler’s ⇔ α-L-Iduronidase

      •Gaucher’s ⇔ Glucocerebrosidase

      •Niemann-Pick ⇔ Sphingomyelinase

      •Phenylketonuria ⇔ Phenylalanine hydroxylase

      •Wilson’s disease (Hepatolenticular degeneration) ⇔ Decreased serum ceruloplasmin (a copper binder)

      •Cystic fibrosis ⇔ Exocrine malfunction, thick mucus, sweat test (high Cl^-), chromosome 7

      •Sickle Cell anemia ⇔ Afro-Americans, Chromosome 11, hypoxia

      •Alpha-Thalassemia ⇔ Insufficient

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