Primary Care for COMLEX Level 1 - Dr. Jahan Eftekar

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SEX-LINKED ANOMALIES

      Keyboard Associations

      Condition ⇔ Deficiency

      •Duchenne muscular dystrophy ⇔ Dystrophin defect, pseudohypertrophy of calf

      •Becker muscular dystrophy ⇔ dystrophin deficiency

      •Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome ⇔ B and T defect, thrombocytopenia, see Immune deficiency

      •Lesch-Nyhan ⇔ Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase deficiency, self-mutilation, mental retardation

      •Hunter’s ⇔ L-Iduronosulfate sulfatase

      •Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency ⇔ Hemolytic anemia, oxidative injury, antimalarial, sulfonamide

      •Hemophilia A (Classic) ⇔ Factor VIII

      •Fabry’s ⇔ α-galactosidase A

      •Fragile X ⇔ Dominant, Folate deficiency, CGG trinucleotide repeat, mental retardation

      •Bruton’s agammaglobulinemia ⇔ B cell defect

      27. AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT CONDITIONS

      Keyboard Associations

      Condition ⇔ Attributes

      •Adult-polycystic kidney disease ⇔ Renal cyst, Liver, Berry aneurysm, Mitral

      •Familial hypercholesterolemia ⇔ Myocardial infarction, LDL receptors

      •Huntington’s ⇔ Progressive dementia, Chromosome 4, low GABA

      •Hereditary Hemorrhagic telangiectasia (Osler-Weber-Rendu Syndrome) ⇔ Skin telangiectasia, convoluted venules

      •Familial Polyposis coli ⇔ APC gene, chromosome 5, Colonal cancer

      •Von Hippel-Lindau ⇔ Hemangioblastoma, Chromosome 3, Renal tumors

      •Von Recklinghausen’s (Neurofibromatosis) ⇔ Café au lait spots, neural tumors, Chromosome 17

      •Marfan’s ⇔ Fibrillin, floppy mitral, lens subluxation, tall stature

      •Hereditary Spherocytosis ⇔ hemolytic anemia

      •Thorotrast ⇔ Hepatic angiosarcoma

      •Retinoblastoma ⇔ Risk of osteosarcoma and breast carcinoma

      •Ehlers Danlos Syndrome ⇔ Collagen and elastin defect, elastic skin, easy bleeding

      •Von Willebrand ⇔ Bleeding

      28. CHROMOSOMAL ABERRATIONS

      •Down’s Syndrome ⇔ Trisomy 21, non-disjunction, mental retardation, Simian crease

      •Edwards’s ⇔ Trisomy 18, PDA, Clenched fist

      •Patau’s ⇔ Trisomy 13, syndactyly, mental retardation

      •Cri du chat ⇔ Chromosome 5, mental retardation, microencephaly

      •Klinefelter’s ⇔ XXY, male hypogonadism, low IQ, Barr bodies (buccal smear)

      •XYY Syndrome ⇔ violent behavior, severe acne

      •XXX Syndrome ⇔ mental retardation

      •Turner’s syndrome ⇔ XO, female hypogonadism, no Barr bodies

      •Fragile X ⇔ Frequency of mental retardation is second after Down’s, long arm of chromosome X defect

      29. VASOACTIVE AGENTS

      Vasoconstriction

      •Thromboxane A2 (TXA2)

      •Leukotrienes: LTC4, LTD4, and LTE4

      •Platelet activating factor (RAF)

      Vasodilation

      •Endothelial Prostacyclin PGI2

      •PGD2, PGE2, PGF2α

      •Bradykinin

      •RAF

      •EDRF (endothelial derived relaxing factor) = NO (nitric oxide)

      Increasing Vascular Permeability

      •Serotonin

      •Histamine

      •Bradykinin

      •PGD2, PGE2, PGF2α

      •LTC4, LTE4, LTD4

      30. EOSINOPHILIC CONDITIONS

      Conditions Associated with Eosinophilia

      •Addison’s

      •Leukemia

      •Lymphoma

      •Polyarteritis nodosa

      •Pemphigus vulgaris

      •Hepatocellular carcinoma

      •Chronic eosinophilic pneumonia

      •Loeffler’s Syndrome

      •Ascaris

      •Strongyloides

      •Wuchereria

      •Aspergillosis

      •Allergic rhinitis

      •Asthma

      •Eczema

      •Urticaria

      31. DISEASES AND INCLUSION BODIES

      Keyboard Associations

      Condition/Disease ⇔Inclusions

      •Rabies ⇔ Negri body

      •DIC ⇔ D-dimers

      •Multiple myeloma ⇔ Russell bodies in plasma cells

      •Alcoholic Hepatitis ⇔ Mallory bodies

      •Parkinson’s ⇔ Lewy

      •Hodgkin’s ⇔ Reed Sternberg bodies

      •SLE ⇔ Kidney wire-loops

      •AML ⇔ Auer rods in myeloblasts

      •Wilson’s Disease ⇔ Mallory, liver

      •Rheumatic fever ⇔ Aschoff

      •Cytomegalovirus ⇔ Intra-nuclear bodies

      •Heinz ⇔ G6PD

      •Howell-Jolly ⇔ Splenectomy

      •Basophilic Stippling ⇔ Lead poisoning

      •Siderocytes ⇔ Iron overload

      32. ECG FINDINGS AND ASSOCIATED CONDITIONS

      •Hypercalcemia ⇔ Short QT

      •Hypocalcemia ⇔ Long QT

      •Hypokalemia ⇔ Flat T and U waves

      •Hyperkalemia ⇔ Tall T, wide QRS

      •Digitalis ⇔ Long PR, Short QT

      •First Degree AV Block ⇔ Long PR > 0.2

      •Second Degree AV Block (Mobitz I) ⇔ Gradual PR increase until missing a QRS

      •Second Degree AV Block (Mobitz II) ⇔ Constant PR

      •Third Degree AV Block (Complete) ⇔ Independent P and QRS

      •Premature Ventricular Contraction ⇔ Wide, tall, odd QRS

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