LITMIR.BIZ

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art of the period of the Classic revival which began in the sixteenth century. In this volume used chiefly to denote the architecture of Europe in that and the succeeding centuries.

      Rib (in Gothic vaulting).—A bar of masonry or moulding projecting beyond the general surface of a vault, to mark its intersections or subdivide its surface, and to add strength.

      Ridge.—(1) The straight line or ornament which marks the summit of a roof; (2) the line or rib, straight or curved, which marks the summit of a vault.

      Roll.—A round moulding.

      Rose Window.—A wheel window (which see).

      Rubble.—Rough stonework forming the heart of a masonry wall; sometimes faced with ashlar (which see), sometimes shown.

      Rustication (or Rusticated Masonry).—The sort of ornamental ashlar masonry (chiefly Classic and Renaissance) in which each stone is distinguished by a broad channel all round it, marking the joints.

      Rustics.—The individual blocks of stone used in rustication (as described above).

      Screen.—An internal partition or inclosure cutting off part of a building. At the entrance to the choir of a church screens of beautiful workmanship were used.

      Scroll Moulding.—A round roll moulding showing a line along its face (distinctive of decorated Gothic).

      Scroll Work.—Ornament showing winding spiral lines like the edge of a scroll of paper (chiefly found in Elizabethan).

      Section.—(1) A drawing of a building as it would appear if cut through at some fixed plane. (2) That part of the construction of a building which would be displayed by such a drawing as described above. (3) The profile of a moulding.

      Set-off.—A small ledge formed by diminishing the thickness of a wall or pier.

      Sexpartite Vaulting.—Where each bay or compartment is divided by its main ribs into six portions.

       Sgraffito (Italian).—An ornament produced by scratching lines on the plastered face of a building so as to show a different colour filling up the lines or surfaces scratched away.

      Shaft.—(1) The middle part of a column between its base and capital. (2) In Gothic, slender columns introduced for ornamental purposes, singly or in clusters.

      Shell Ornament.—A decoration frequently employed in Italian and French Renaissance, and resembling the interior of a shell.

      Sky-line.—The outline which a building will show against the sky.

      Spandrel.—The triangular (or other shaped) space between the outside of an arch and the mouldings, or surfaces inclosing it or in contact with it. (See Fig. s, under Diaper.)

      Spire.—The steep and pointed roof of a tower (usually a church tower).

      Spire-light (or Lucarne).—A dormer window (which see) in a spire.

      Splay.—A slope making with the face of a wall an angle less than a right angle.

      Stage.—One division in the height of any building or portion of a building where horizontal divisions are distinctly marked, e.g., the belfry stage of a tower, the division in which the bells are hung.

      Steeple.—A tower and spire in combination. Sometimes applied to a tower or spire separately.

      Stepped Gable.—A gable in which, instead of a sloping line, the outline is formed by a series of steps.

      Stilted Arch.—An arch of which the curve does not commence till above the level of the impost (which see).

      Story.—(1) The portion of a building between one floor and the next; (2) any stage or decidedly marked horizontal compartment of a building, even if not corresponding to an actual story marked by a floor.

      Strap-work (Elizabethan).—An ornament representing strap-like fillets interlaced.

      String-course.—A projecting horizontal (or occasionally sloping) band or line of mouldings.

      Tabernacle Work.—The richly ornamented and carved work with which the smaller and more precious features of a church, e.g., the fittings of a choir, were adorned and made conspicuous.

      Terminal (or Finial).—The ornamental top of a pinnacle, gable, &c.

       Terra-cotta.—A fine kind of brick capable of being highly ornamented, and formed into blocks of some size.

      Thrust.—The pressure exercised laterally by an arch or vault, or by the timbers of a roof on the abutments or supports.

      Tie.—A beam of wood, bar of iron, or similar expedient employed to hold together the feet or sides of an arch, vault, or roof, and so counteract the thrust.

      Torus.—A large convex moulding.

      Tower.—A portion of a building rising conspicuously above the general mass, and obviously distinguished by its height from that mass. A detached building of which the height is great, relative to the width and breadth.

      Tracery (Gothic).—The ornamental stonework formed by the curving and interlacing of bars of stone, and occupying the heads of windows, panels, and other situations where decoration and lightness have to be combined. The simplest and earliest tracery might be described as a combination of openings pierced through the stone head of an arch. Cusping and foliation (which see) are features of tracery. (See Figs. 18, 19, 55, and 57 in the text.)

      Fig. e e.—Perpendicular Window-head.

      Fig. f f.—Late Perpendicular Window-head.

      [Pg xxxvii] Transept.—The arms of a church or cathedral which cross the line of the nave.

      Transition.—The architecture of a period coming between and sharing the characteristics of two distinctly marked styles or phases of architecture, one of which succeeded the other.

      Transom.—A horizontal bar (usually of stone) across a window or panel.

      Trefoil.—A three-leaved or three-lobed form found constantly in the heads of windows and in other situations where tracery is employed.

      Triforium (or Thorough-fare).—The story in a large church or cathedral intermediate between the arcade separating the nave and aisles, and the clerestory.

      Tudor.—The architecture of England during the reigns of the Tudor kings. The use of the term is usually, however, restricted to a period which closes with the end of Henry VIII.’s reign, 1547.

      Turret.—A small tower, sometimes rising from the ground, but often carried on corbels and commencing near the upper part of the building to which it is an appendage.

      Tympanum.—The filling in of the head of an arch, or occasionally of an ornamental gable.

      Undercutting.—A moulding or ornament of which the greater part stands out from the mouldings or surfaces which it adjoins, as though almost or quite detached from them, is said to be undercut.

      Vault.—An arched ceiling to a building, or part of a building, executed in masonry or in some substitute for masonry.

      The vaults of the Norman period were simple barrel- or waggon-headed vaults, and semicircular arches only were used in their construction. With the Gothic period the use of intersecting, and as a result of pointed arches, was introduced into vaulting, and vaults went on increasing in complexity and elaboration till the Tudor period, when fan-vaulting was employed. Our illustrations show some of the steps in the development of Gothic vaults referred to in Chapter V. of the text. No. 1 represents a waggon-head vault with an intersecting vault occupying

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