Architecture: Gothic and Renaissance - T. Roger Smith

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or cathedral; (2) the western part of a church as distinguished from the chancel or choir; (3) occasionally, any avenue in the interior of a building which is divided by one or more rows of columns running lengthways is called a nave.

      Necking (of a column).—The point (usually marked by a fillet or other small projecting moulding) where the shaft ends and the capital begins.

      Newel Post.—The stout post at the foot of a staircase from which the balustrade or the handrail starts.

      Fig. w.—Arch Moulding. (Gothic, 12th Century.)

      Fig. y.—Arch Moulding. (Decorated, 14th Century.)

      Fig. z.—Arch Moulding. (Gothic, 13th Century.)

       Niche.—A recess in a wall for a statue, vase, or other upright ornament.

      Norman.—The architecture of England from the Norman Conquest till the latter part of the twelfth century.

      Ogee.—A moulding or line of part concave and part convex curvature (see Fig. e, showing an ogee-shaped arch).

      Ogival.—Ogee-shaped (see Fig. 54).

      Open Tracery.—Tracery in which the spaces between the bars are neither closed by slabs of stone nor glazed.

      Order.—(1) In Classical and Renaissance architecture a single column or pilaster and its appropriate entablature or superstructure; (2) a series of columns or pilasters with their entablature; (3) an entire decorative system appropriate to the kind of column chosen. In Renaissance architecture there are five orders—the Tuscan, Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, and Composite. Each has its own proper column, and its proper base, shaft, and capital; and its own entablature. The proportions and the degree of enrichment appropriate to each vary. The Tuscan being the sturdiest and plainest, the Composite the most slender and most small, and the others taking place in the succession in which they stand enumerated above. Where more than one order occurs in a building, as constantly happens in Classic and Renaissance buildings, the orders which are the plainest and most sturdy (and have been named first) if employed, are invariably placed below the more slender orders; e.g. the Doric is never placed over the Corinthian or the Ionic, but if employed in combination with either of those orders it is always the lowest in position.

      Oriel.—A window projecting like a bay or bow window, not resting on the ground but thrown out above the ground level and resting on a corbel.

      Palladian.—A phase of fully developed Renaissance architecture introduced by the architect Palladio, and largely followed in England as well as in Italy.

      Panel.—(1) The thinner portions of the framed woodwork of doors and other such joiner’s work; (2) all sunk compartments in masonry, ceilings, &c.

       Panelling.—(1) Woodwork formed of framework containing panels; (2) any decoration formed of a series of sunk compartments.

      Parapet.—A breastwork or low wall used to protect the gutters and screen the roofs of buildings; also, perhaps primarily, to protect the ramparts of fortifications.

      Fig. a a.—Open Parapet, late Decorated.

      Fig. b b.—Battlemented Parapet, Perpendicular.

      Pavilion.—A strongly marked single block of building; most frequently applied to those blocks in French and other Renaissance buildings that are marked out by high roofs.

      Pedestal.—(1) A substructure sometimes placed under a column in Renaissance architecture; (2) a similar substructure intended to carry a statue, vase, or other ornament.

      Pediment.—(1) The gable, where used in Renaissance buildings; (2) an ornamental gable sometimes placed over windows, doors, and other features in Gothic buildings.

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Perp. The Gothic architecture of the fifteenth century in England. Abbreviated Perp.
Perpendicular.

       Pier.—(1) A mass of walling, either a detached portion of a wall or a distinct structure of masonry, taking the place of a column in the arcade of a church or elsewhere; (2) a group or cluster of shafts substituted for a column.

Showing actual, cross-section and plan views

      Fig. c c.—Early English Piers.

Showing three different cross-sections

      Fig. d d.—Late Decorated and Perpendicular Piers.

      Pilaster.—A square column, usually attached to a wall; frequently used in Classic and Renaissance architecture in combination with columns.

      [Pg xxxiii] Pinnacle (in Gothic architecture).—A small turret, or ornament, usually with a pointed top, employed to mark the summit of gables, buttresses, and other tall features.

      Pitch.—The degree of slope given to a roof, gable, or pediment.

      Plan.—(1) A map of the floor of a building, showing the piers, if any, and the walls which inclose and divide it, with the openings in them; (2) the actual arrangement and disposition of the floors, piers, and walls of the building itself.

      Plane.—The imaginary surface within which a series of mouldings lies, and which coincides with the salient and important points of that series. Mouldings are said to be on an oblique plane when their plane forms an angle less than a right angle with the face of the wall; and in receding planes, when they can be divided into a series of groups of more or less stepped outline, each within and behind the other, and each partly bounded by a plane parallel with the face of the wall.

      Plaster.—The plastic material, of which the groundwork is lime and sand, used to cover walls internally and to form ceilings. Sometimes employed as a covering to walls externally.

      Plinth.—The base of a wall or of a column or range of columns.

      Portal.—A dignified and important entrance doorway.

      Portico.—A range of columns with their entablature (and usually covered by a pediment), marking the entrance to a Renaissance or Classic building.

      Prismatic Rustication.—In Elizabethan architecture rusticated masonry with diamond-shaped projections worked on the face of each stone.

      Profile.—The contour or outline of mouldings as they would appear if sawn across at right angles to their length.

      Porch.—A small external structure to protect and ornament the doorway to a building (rarely met with in Renaissance).

      Quatrefoil.—A four-leaved ornament occupying a circle in tracery or a panel.

      Rafters.—The sloping beams of a roof upon which the covering of the roof rests.

      Ragstone.—A coarse stone found in parts of Kent and elsewhere, and used for walling.

      Receding Planes.—(See Plane.)

       Recess.—A sinking in a building deeper than a mere panel.

      Recessing.—Forming one or more recesses. Throwing

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