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      LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020021385

      Cover Design: Wiley

      Cover Image: © vetalaka/Shutterstock

       To our families

      – Ward Edwards

      Edwards, W. (2009). Divide and conquer: how to use likelihood and value judgments in decision making (1973). In: A Science of Decision Making: The Legacy of Ward Edwards (ed. J.W. Weiss and D.J. Weiss), 287–300. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

       Foreword

      Uncertainty affects nearly everything we do. Virtually every decision we make involves uncertainty of one kind or another. However, uncertainty does not come naturally to people's minds. Whenever we can (and sometimes when we can't), we substitute an imagined certainty that we find more comfortable and easier to plan against.

      Statistics offers tools to deal with uncertainty, principally through probability. There are many models and methods in a statistician's toolkit. Which to use when, and how to create more when necessary are the typical tasks facing users of statistical methods. Every application of statistics has to be sensitive to the institutional context in which the problem arises. In the case of forensic evidence, the institutional structure includes both the organizations for which forensic scientists work and the legal structures to which they ultimately report.

      The second task is quantification. Depending on the source of uncertainty, this can be daunting. Records can be examined to find how often collection and lab errors leading to contamination have been discovered, for example, but one is left wondering how many others there may have been that were not discovered. Experiments can help, particularly blind testing in which the technicians do not know they are being tested. Our ability to conduct such tests is in its infancy.

      The book, Statistics and the Evaluation of Evidence for Forensic Scientists aims to assist forensic scientists and others to do this work well. That it is now in its third edition reflects the success of the previous editions, summarizing what had been found. That a new edition is needed reflects the new thinking and new work that has been done in the last decade and a half. As more progress is made, no doubt further editions will be needed. This edition shows what has been accomplished, and charts the way forward.

      J. B. Kadane

      December 2019

       Preface to Third Edition

      In the Preface to the second edition of this book reference was made to the comment in the first edition that the role of statistics in forensic science was continuing to increase and that this was partly because of the debate continuing over DNA profiling that looked as if it would carry on into the foreseeable future. In 2004, the time of the second edition, we wrote that ‘it now appears that the increase is continuing and perhaps at a greater rate than in 1995’ (the time of the first edition). In 2020, we are confident that the increase is still continuing and the need for a third edition is pressing.

       Four reports published by the Royal Statistical Society on the topic of Communicating and Interpreting Statistical Evidence in the Administration of Criminal Justice (2010–2014) available from https://rss.org.uk/news-publication/publications/our-research/.

       Expert Evidence in Criminal Proceedings in England and Wales. The Law Commission of England and Wales, 2011, available from https://s3-eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/lawcom-prod-storage-11jsxou24uy7q/uploads/2015/03/lc325_Expert_Evidence:Report.pdf

       A National Academy of Sciences report Strengthening Forensic Science in the United States: A Path Forward (Committee on Identifying the Needs of the Forensic Sciences Community; Committee on Applied and Theoretical Statistics, National Research Council, 2009); available from https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/228091.pdf.

       European Network for Forensic Science Institutes Guideline for Evaluative Reporting in Forensic Science, 2015; available from http://enfsi.eu/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/m1_guideline.pdf.

       The President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology Report on Forensic Science in Criminal Courts: ensuring Scientific Validity of Feature‐Comparison Methods, 2016; available from https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/PCAST/pcast_forensic_science:report_final.pdf.

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