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Oriental Rugs. Peter F. Stone
Читать онлайн.Название Oriental Rugs
Год выпуска 0
isbn 9781462911844
Автор произведения Peter F. Stone
Издательство Ingram
Abbasid caliphate. Caliphs ruling at Baghdad from 750 to 1258 C. E. who claimed descent from Abbas, uncle of Muhammad.
Abkhazia. An area of the northwestern Caucasus inhabited by the Abkhaz, a sub-group of the Circassians. They are Sunni Muslims and may have been a very minor source of nineteenth-century Caucasian pile rugs. See “Caucasus.”
abr (Persian). Sky-blue, cloud. Also, Persian for ikat fabrics. See “ikat.”
abrash (Arabic, “dappled, piebald”). A change in color in the field and border of pile rugs due to differences in wool or dye batches. Abrash may develop as different dye batches in a rug fade at different rates. The color change extends across the rug, weft-wise. Abrash is more likely to occur at the top of a rug than at the bottom, as beginning yarn batches are used up. Abrash is sometimes imitated in new commercial production of hand-knotted and power-loomed rugs.
Abrash in a Bakshaish rug (detail) Alberto Levi
abrisham, abrishom (Persian). Silk.
Abruzzi. A district of central Italy. From the seventeenth century, Abruzzi has been the source of flatwoven furniture covers and hand-knotted rugs. These are woven on narrow looms. Designs are usually geometricized floral, animal, or heraldic motifs. See “Italy.”
acanthus. A plant of the Mediterranean area having toothed leaves, Acanthus spinosus, Acanthus mollis. Stylized representations of the acanthus leaf are familiar as architectural ornamentation and have been recognized in some oriental rug designs. Acanthus leaves are a common motif in Savonnerie rugs.
Acanthus leaves Savonnerie rug (detail)
accessory fabric. A fabric superimposed (appliqué or quilted), inlaid, or seamed to a ground fabric.
accessory objects. Non-fabric objects attached to a fabric. In tribal weavings, such accessory objects as beads, sea shells, bells, bones, feathers, buttons, or coins are sometimes attached to the fabric as non-functional decorative or shamanistic additions.
Uzbek bag with accessory objects R. John Howe
accessory stitches. Functional or decorative stitches in a fabric that include flat stitches, looped stitches, and knot stitches.
acrylic. A synthetic fiber of acrylonitrile. Acrylic may be dyed before extrusion as filaments to be spun. When dyed in this manner, acrylic is very color-fast. It is static-free and stain resistant. Acrylic is used as a substitute for wool, but is not resistant to crushing.
Achaemenian dynasty. Rulers of ancient Persia from about 550 B.C.E. to 331 B.C.E. Certain designs in the Pazyryk carpet are very similar to decorative motifs used in Achaemenian architecture. See “Pazyryk carpet.”
acid dyes. Dyes derived from coal tar through the action of nitric acid. They produce bright colors in animal fibers. They are soluble in water and must be used in an acid solution. The first such dye was Bismarck brown developed in 1862. See “basic dyes” and “dye, synthetic.”
A.C.O.R., American Conference on Oriental Rugs. An association of approximately 25 local rug societies. Its goal has been to present a national oriental rug conference every two years. These conferences have included seminars, exhibitions, and sales of rugs of interest to collectors.
A.D. (Latin Anno Domini, “In the year of our Lord”). The year counted from the time of Christ, a system of date designation generally used by western countries. See “A.H.,” “C.E.,” “Islamic dates,” and “Gregorian date.”
Ada-Milas. The peninsula south of Milas in southwestern Anatolia. The area is a source of prayer rugs and rugs with a narrow, vertical, central panel containing a highly abstract tree-of-life design. The field is filled with repeated geometric figures in brownish red.
Adam. A style of architectural and interior decoration in vogue from about 1765 through 1790. The Adam brothers were architects in England whose decorative style consisted of motifs drawn from Roman, Pompiian, and Etruscan work. Ovals, octagons, fans, wreaths, garlands, and medallion shapes were common features of their decoration. Rugs were made to the designs of the Adam brothers in Moorfields, England. Often these rug designs reflected the paneled relief ceilings of the rooms in which the rugs were to be used. Colors were gray, light blue, and jasper. See “Moorfields.”
Adana. A town of south central Anatolia, and a source of multi-panel kilims. Adana is a trading center for rugs. See “Turkey.”
Adana kilim Simon Knight
Adıyaman. A city of eastern Anatolia and a source of tülüs and Kurdish rugs. See “Turkey.”
Adler Kazak. See “Chelaberd.”
Admiral carpets. Carpets of fifteenth-century Spain with armori al bearings of the hereditary admiral of Castile. Many of these carpets bear the arms of the Enriquez family. The field is a lattice of octagons containing geometricized blossoms, with a few containing geometricized birds or animals. Heraldic shields are arranged on this field. These rugs are all wool with the Spanish knot. See “Spain” and “Williams Admiral Carpet.”
Adraskand. A town of western Afghanistan, south of Herat, in a district that is a source for kilims and pile rugs woven by Pashtun and Baluchi peoples. See “Afghanistan.”
Afghan. A trade term for certain Turkmen carpets of the Ersari tribe. These are main carpets, coarsely woven, with the gulli gul design and are about 8 feet by 10 feet. Also, a woven or knitted coverlet (general usage). A native of Afghanistan. See “Ersari.”
Afghanistan. A country of Central Asia bordered by Iran, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, China, and Pakistan. About 75 percent of the population is Sunni Muslim. Rugs are woven by native Afghans (Pashtun) and by Turkmen tribes, most of whom migrated to Afghanistan in the 1920s. These tribes include Ersari, Tekke, Yomud, and Sariq. There is some rug production from Baluchi and Uzbek peoples in Afghanistan. Pile rug production consists largely of pieces with traditional Turkmen guls and geometric designs in shades of red. A wide variety of flatweaves is produced along with bags, animal trappings, and other special-function tribal weavings.
Rug export from Afghanistan increased in the 1970s with the large-scale production of lower-quality rugs. Afghani stan carpets that are single-wefted and without offset warps may be termed yaktâr and those that are double-wefted with offset warps may be termed dotâr. Soviet Russian troops occupied Afghanistan in December of 1979 in support of a communist régime. Armed resistance to the occupying forces and to the civil government involved much of the rural population. Soviet troops withdrew in February of 1989 and the communist régime was defeated in May of 1992. Warfare resumed in 2002 with the United States incursion into Afghanistan. Rug production, marketing, and distribution were disrupted by warfare. Most descriptions of rug production and marketing centers refer to conditions in prewar Aghanistan. See “Afghanistan war rugs.”
Afghanistan
There are entries under the following Afghanistan geographic names:
| Adraskand | Kabul |
| Alti Bolaq | Khairabad |
| Andkhoy | Kunduz |
| Aq Chah | Labijar |
| Babaseqal |
|