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occurrences, but you can see how they could mask the motives and purposes of an attacker. Social engineers attempt to mask and hide their true intentions by crafting their attack to seem as normal and typical as possible.

      Whenever a security breach occurs, an investigation should be performed to determine what was affected and whether the attack is ongoing. Personnel should be retrained to detect and avoid similar social engineering attacks in the future. Although social engineering attacks primarily focus on people, the results of an attack can be disclosure of private or confidential materials, physical damage to a facility, or remote access to an IT environment. Therefore, any attempted or successful social engineering breach should be thoroughly investigated and responded to.

      Methods to protect against social engineering include the following:

       Training personnel about social engineering attacks and how to recognize common signs

       Requiring authentication when performing activities for personnel over the phone

       Defining restricted information that is never communicated over the phone or through plaintext communications such as standard email

       Always verifying the credentials of a repair person and verifying that a real service call was placed by authorized personnel

       Never following the instructions of an email without verifying the information with at least two independent and trusted sources

       Always erring on the side of caution when dealing with anyone you don't know or recognize, whether in person, over the phone, or over the internet/network

      If several workers report the same odd event, such as a call or email, an investigation should look into what the contact was about, who initiated it, and what the intention or purpose was.

      The most important defense against social engineering attacks is user education and awareness training. A healthy dose of paranoia and suspicion will help users detect or notice more social engineering attack attempts than without such preparation. Training should include role playing and walking through numerous examples of the various forms of social engineering attacks. However, keep in mind that attackers are constantly altering their approaches and improving their means of attack. So, keeping current with newly discovered means of social engineering attack is also necessary to defend against this human-focused threat.

Users should receive training when they first enter an organization, and they should receive periodic refresher training, even if it's just an email from the administrator or training officer reminding them of the threats.

      Social Engineering Principles

      Social engineering works so well because we're human. The principles of social engineering attacks are designed to focus on various aspects of human nature and take advantage of them. Although not every target succumbs to every attack, most of us are vulnerable to one or more of the following common social engineering principles.

      Authority

      Authority is an effective technique because most people are likely to respond to authority with obedience. The trick is to convince the target that the attacker is someone with valid internal or external authority. Some attackers claim their authority verbally, and others assume authority by wearing a costume or uniform.

      An example is an email sent using the spoofed email of the CEO in which workers are informed that they must visit a specific universal resource locator (URL)/universal resource indicator (URI) to fill out an important HR document. This method works when the victims blindly follow instructions that claim to be from a person of authority.

      Intimidation

      Intimidation can sometimes be seen as a derivative of the authority principle. Intimidation uses authority, confidence, or even the threat of harm to motivate someone to follow orders or instructions. Often, intimidation is focused on exploiting uncertainty in a situation where a clear directive of operation or response isn't defined.

      An example is expanding on a previous CEO and HR document email to include a statement claiming that employees will face a penalty if they do not fill out the form promptly. The penalty could be a loss of casual Friday, exclusion from Taco Tuesday, a reduction in pay, or even termination.

      Consensus

      Consensus or social proof is the act of taking advantage of a person's natural tendency to mimic what others are doing or are perceived as having done in the past. For example, bartenders often seed their tip jar with money to make it seem as if previous patrons were appreciative of the service. As a social engineering principle, the attacker attempts to convince the victim that a particular action or response is necessary to be consistent with social norms or previous occurrences.

      An example is an attacker claiming that a worker who is currently out of the office promised a large discount on a purchase and that the transaction must occur now with you as the salesperson.

      Scarcity

      Scarcity is a technique used to convince someone that an object has a higher value based on the object's scarcity. This could relate to the existence of only a few items produced or limited opportunities, or that the majority of stock are sold and only a few items remain.

      An example is an attacker claiming that there are only two tickets left to your favorite team's final game and it would be a shame if someone else enjoyed the game rather than you. If you don't grab them now, the opportunity will be lost. This principle is often associated with the principle of urgency.

      Familiarity

      Familiarity or liking as a social engineering principle attempts to exploit a person's native trust in that which is familiar. The attacker often tries to appear to have a common contact or relationship with the target, such as mutual friends or experiences, or uses a facade to take on the identity of another company or person. If the target believes a message is from a known entity, such as a friend or their bank, they're much more likely to trust in the content and even act or respond.

      An example is an attacker using a vishing attack while falsifying the caller ID as their doctor's office.

      Trust

      Trust as a social engineering principle involves an attacker working to develop a relationship with a victim. This may take seconds or months, but eventually the attacker attempts to use the value of the relationship (the victim's trust in the attacker) to convince the victim to reveal information or perform an action that violates company security.

      An example is an attacker approaching you as you walk along the street, when they appear to pick up a $100 bill from the ground. The attacker says that since the two of you were close when the money was found, you two should split it. They ask if you have change to split the found money. Since the attacker had you hold the money while they went around to find the person who lost it, this might have built up trust in this stranger so that you are willing to take cash out of your wallet and give it to them. But you won't realize until later that the $100 was counterfeit and you've been robbed.

      Urgency

      Urgency often dovetails with scarcity, because the need to act quickly increases as scarcity indicates a greater risk of missing out. Urgency is often used as a method to get a quick response from a target before they have time to carefully consider or refuse compliance.

      An example is an attacker using an invoice scam through business email compromise (BEC) to convince you to pay an invoice immediately because either an essential business service is about to be cut off or the company will be reported to a collection agency.

      Eliciting Information

      Eliciting

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