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answers to secret questions, credit card numbers, Social Security numbers, healthcare services numbers, and other related and relevant facts are stolen or otherwise obtained by the attacker. So, the first definition of identity theft is the actual theft of the credentials and information for someone's accounts or financial positions.

      A second definition of identity theft is when those stolen credentials and details are used to take over someone's account. This could include logging into their account on an online service; making false charges to their credit card, ATM card, or debit card; writing false checks against their checking account; or opening a new line of credit in the victim's name using their Social Security number. When an attacker steals and uses a victim's credentials, this is known as credential hijacking.

      This second definition of identity theft is also very similar to the definition of identity fraud. Fraud is when you claim something that is false to be true. Identity fraud is when you falsely claim to be someone else through the use of stolen information from the victim. Identity fraud is criminal impersonation or intentional deception for personal or financial gain. Examples of identity fraud include taking employment under someone else's Social Security number, initiating phone service or utilities in someone else's name, or using someone else's health insurance to gain medical services.

You can consider identity theft and identity fraud to be a form of spoofing. Spoofing is any action to hide a valid identity, often by taking on the identity of something else. In addition to the concept of human-focused spoofing (i.e., identity fraud), spoofing is a common tactic for hackers against technology. Hackers often spoof email addresses, IP addresses, media access control (MAC) addresses, Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) communications, Wi-Fi networks, websites, mobile phone apps, and more. These and other spoofing-related topics are covered elsewhere in this book.

      Identity theft and identity fraud are also related to impersonation. Impersonation is the act of taking on someone's identity. This might be accomplished by logging into their account with stolen credentials or claiming to be someone else when on the phone. These and other impersonation concepts were covered earlier in the “Impersonation and Masquerading” section.

      As a current or future victim of identity theft/fraud, you should take actions to reduce your vulnerability, increase the chance of detecting such attacks, and improve your defenses against this type of injustice. For information on these defenses, see www.usa.gov/identity-theft and www.consumer.ftc.gov/articles/0235-identity-theft-protection-services.

      Typo Squatting

      Typo squatting is a practice employed to capture and redirect traffic when a user mistypes the domain name or IP address of an intended resource. This is a social engineering attack that takes advantage of a person's potential to mistype a fully qualified domain name (FQDN) or address. A malicious site squatter predicts URL typos and then registers those domain names to direct traffic to their own site. This can be done for competition or for malicious intent. The variations used for typo squatting include common misspellings (such as googel.com), typing errors (such as gooogle.com), variations on a name or word (for example, plurality, as in googles.com), and different top-level domains (TLDs) (such as google.edu).

      URL hijacking can also refer to the practice of displaying a link or advertisement that looks like that of a well-known product, service, or site but, when clicked, redirects the user to an alternate location, service, or product. This may be accomplished by posting sites and pages and exploiting search engine optimization (SEO) to cause your content to occur higher in search results, or through the use of adware that replaces legitimate ads and links with those leading to alternate or malicious locations.

      Clickjacking is a means to redirect a user's click or selection on a web page to an alternate, often malicious target instead of the intended and desired location. This can be accomplished through several techniques. Some alter the code of the original web page in order to include script that will automatically replace the valid URL with an alternate URL at the moment the mouse click or selection occurs. Another means is to add an invisible or hidden overlay, frame, or image map over the displayed page. The user sees the original page, but any mouse click or selection will be captured by the floating frame and redirected to the malicious target. Clickjacking can be used to perform phishing attacks, hijacking, and on-path attacks.

      Influence Campaigns

Influence campaigns are social engineering attacks that attempt to guide, adjust, or change public opinion. Although such attacks might be undertaken by hackers against individuals or organizations, most influence campaigns seem to be waged by nation-states against their real or perceived foreign enemies.

      Influence campaigns are linked to the distribution of disinformation, propaganda, false information, “fake news,” and even the activity of doxing. Misleading, incomplete, crafted, and altered information can be used as part of an influence campaign to adjust the perception of readers and viewers to the concepts, thoughts, and ideologies of the influencer. These tactics have been used by invaders for centuries to turn a population against their own government. In the current digital information age, influence campaigns are easier to wage than ever before and some of the perpetrators are domestic. Modern influence campaigns don't need to rely on distribution of printed materials but can digitally transmit the propaganda directly to the targets.

      Doxing is the collection of information about an individual or an organization (which can also include governments and the military) in order to disclose the collected data publicly for the purpose of chaining the perception of the target. Doxing can include withholding of information that contradicts the intended narrative of the attacker. Doxing can fabricate or alter information to place false accusations against the target. Doxing has been an unfortunately effective tool against individuals and organizations deployed by hackers, hacktivists, journalists, and governments alike.

      Hybrid Warfare

      Nations no longer limit their attacks against their real or perceived enemies using traditional, kinetic weaponry. Now they combine classical military strategy with modern capabilities, including social engineering, digital influence campaigns, psychological warfare efforts, political tactics, and cyberwarfare capabilities. This is known as hybrid warfare. Some entities use the term nonlinear warfare to refer to this concept.

      It is important to realize that nations will use whatever tools or weapons are available to them when they feel threatened or decide they must strike first. With the use of hybrid warfare tactics, there is far greater risk to every individual than in battles of the past. Now with cyberwar and influence campaigns, every person can be targeted and potentially harmed. Keep in mind that harm is not just physical in hybrid warfare; it can also damage reputation, finances, digital infrastructure, and relationships.

      For a more thorough look hybrid warfare, read the United States Government Accountability Office’s “Hybrid Warfare” report at www.gao.gov/products/gao-10-1036r.

       “Cyberwarfare: Origins, Motivations and What You Can Do in Response” is a helpful paper you can find at www.globalknowledge.com/us-en/resources/resource-library/white-papers/cyberwarfare-origins-motivations-and-what-you-can-do-in-response.

      Social Media

Social media has become a weapon in the hands

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