An Introduction to Sociolinguistics - Ronald Wardhaugh

Скачать книгу

An informal epistemology. In J. K. Chambers, Peter Trudgill, and Natalie Schilling‐Estes (eds.), The Handbook of Language Variation and Change. Oxford: Blackwell, 3–14.

      8 Chambers, J. K. (2003). Sociolinguistic Theory: Linguistic Variation and its Social Significance. 2nd edn. Oxford: Blackwell.

      9 Chomsky, N. (1965). Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

      10 Coulmas, F. (ed.) (1997). The Handbook of Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Blackwell.

      11 Deutscher, G. (2010a). Through the Language Glass: Why the World Looks Different in Other Languages. New York: Metropolitan Books.

      12 Deutscher, G. (2010b). Does your language shape how you think? New York Times, August 29.

      13 Duranti, A. (2003). Language as culture in U.S. anthropology: Three paradigms. Current Anthropology 44(3): 323–347.

      14 Eckert, P. (2012). Three waves of variation study: The emergence of meaning in the study of sociolinguistic variation. Annual Review of Anthropology 41: 87–100.

      15 Fairclough, N. (1995). Critical Discourse Analysis. London: Longman.

      16 Fairclough, N. (2001). Language and Power. 2nd edn. London: Longman.

      17 Fairclough, N. (2006). Language and Globalization. New York: Routledge.

      18 Fishman, J. A. (1972). The sociology of language. In P. P. Giglioli (ed.), Language and Social Context: Selected Readings. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.

      19 Goodenough, W. H. (1957). Cultural anthropology and linguistics. In P. L. Garvin (ed.), Report of the Seventh Round Table Meeting on Linguistics and Language Study. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.

      20 Gordon, M. J. (2002). Investigating chain shifts and mergers. In J. K. Chambers, Peter Trudgill, and Natalie Schilling‐Estes (eds.), The Handbook of Language Variation and Change. Oxford: Blackwell, 244–266.

      21 Gumperz, J. J. (1971). Language in Social Groups. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

      22  Gumperz, J. J. and J. Cook‐Gumperz (2008). Studying language, culture, and society: Sociolinguistics or linguistic anthropology? Journal of Sociolinguistics 12(4): 532–545.

      23 Hartshorne, C., P. Weiss, and A. W. Burks (eds.) (1931). Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, vol. 1. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1931–1935.

      24 Heller, M. and B. McElhinny (2017). Language, Capitalism, Colonialism: Toward a Critical History. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

      25 Hudson, R. A. (1996). Sociolinguistics. 2nd edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

      26 Jones, L. (2011). ‘The only dykey one’: Constructions of (in)authenticity in a lesbian community of practice. Journal of Homosexuality 58(6–7): 719–741.

      27 Kress, G. (2001). From Saussure to critical sociolinguistics: The turn towards a social view of language. In Margaret Wetherell, Stephanie Taylor, and Simeon J. Yates (eds.), Discourse Theory and Practice: A Reader. London: SAGE, 29–38.

      28 Kroskrity, P. (2000). Identity. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 9(1–2): 111.

      29 Labov, W. (1972). Sociolinguistic Patterns. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

      30 Labov, W. (1982). Objectivity and commitment in linguistic science: The case of the Black English trial in Ann Arbor. Language in Society 11(2): 165–201.

      31 Labov, W. (2006). The Social Stratification of English in New York City. 2nd edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

      32 Labov, W. (2018). A materialist response. Language in Society 47(3): 347–350.

      33 Lewis, M. C. (2018). A critique of the principle of error correction as a theory of social change. Language in Society 47(3): 325–346.

      34 Malotki, E. (1983). Hopi Time: A Linguistic Analysis of the Temporal Concepts in the Hopi Language. Berlin: Mouton.

      35 Mason Carris, L. (2011). La voz gringa: Latino stylization of linguistic (in)authenticity as social critique. Discourse & Society 22(4): 474–490.

      36 McWhorter, J. (2014). The Language Hoax: Why the World Looks the Same in Any Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

      37 Rickford, J. R. (2018). Crafting a more integrated, specific, and community‐sensitive approach to applied sociolinguistics. Language in Society 47(3): 364–368.

      38 Rickford, J. R. and S. King (2016). Language and linguistics on trial: Hearing Rachel Jeantel (and other vernacular speakers) in the courtroom and beyond. Language 92(4): 948–988.

      39 Sapir, E. (1921). Language: An Introduction to the Study of Speech. New York: Harcourt, Brace.

      40 Shenk, P. S. (2008). ‘I’m Mexican, remember?’ Constructing ethnic identities via authenticating discourse 1. Journal of Sociolinguistics 11(2): 194–220.

      41 Singh, R. (ed.) (1996). Towards a Critical Sociolinguistics, vol. 125. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

      42 Tollefson, J. W. (2006). Critical theory in language policy. In T. Ricento (ed.), An Introduction to Language Policy. Oxford: Blackwell.

      43 Van Dijk, T. A. (2009). Critical discourse studies: A sociocognitive approach. Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis 2(1): 62–86.

      44 Webster, A. K. (2015). Why the world doesn’t sound the same in any language and why that might matter: A review of The Language Hoax: Why the World Looks the Same in Any Language by John H. McWhorter. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2014 [xx + 182 pages]. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 25(1): 87–93.

      45  Westinen, E. (2014). The discursive construction of authenticity: Resources, scales and polycentricity in Finnish hip hop culture. Jyväskylä Studies in Humanities, 227.

      46 Wodak, R. and M. Meyer (eds.) (2015). Methods of Critical Discourse Studies. London: SAGE.

      47 Wodak, R., B. Johnstone, and P. E. Kerswill (2011). The SAGE handbook of sociolinguistics. London: SAGE.

      48 Yule, G. (2017). The Study of Language. 6th edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Part I Languages, Communities, and Contexts

      KEY TOPICS

       The difference between a language and a dialect

       Defining a standard/standardized language

       Defining dialects by region: drawing geographical boundaries

       Development of social and ethnicized dialects

       How languages create meaning and how the meaning of languages is created

       Indexicality and entexualization

      We stated in the introductory chapter that the concept of language is considered by many sociolinguists to be an ideological construct. Further, we noted that all languages exhibit internal variation, that is, each language exists in a number of varieties and is in one sense the sum of those varieties. We use the term variety as a general term for a way of speaking; this may be something as broad as Standard English, or a variety defined in terms of location and social class (e.g., ‘working‐class New York City speech’), or something defined by its function or where it is used, such as ‘legalese.’ In the following sections, we will explore these different ways of specifying language varieties and how we define the terms ‘language’ and ‘dialect’ (regional and social). We will also address how the associations between language and social meaning develop and are used in communicating in different speech contexts.

Скачать книгу