ТОП просматриваемых книг сайта:
Transfusion Medicine. Jeffrey McCullough
Читать онлайн.Название Transfusion Medicine
Год выпуска 0
isbn 9781119599562
Автор произведения Jeffrey McCullough
Жанр Медицина
Издательство John Wiley & Sons Limited
1.17 Apheresis
Plastic bags were used to remove whole blood, separate the plasma from the red cells, retain the plasma, and return the red cells, thus making it possible to obtain substantial amounts of plasma from one donor [49]. This initiated the concept of attempting to obtain only selected portions of whole blood to collect larger amounts of plasma or cells. The centrifuge developed by Cohn for plasma fractionation was modified by Jack Latham and became a semiautomated system for plasmapheresis [50] and subsequently was used for platelet collection as well [51, 52]. At the National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, an IBM engineer worked with hematologists to develop a centrifuge that enabled collection of platelets or granulocytes from a continuous flow of blood through the instrument [53, 54]. Later versions of these instruments have become widely used for plateletpheresis and leukophoresis.
1.18 Granulocyte transfusions
As the benefits of platelet transfusion for thrombocytopenic patients were recognized, interest developed in using the same strategy to provide granulocyte transfusion to treat infection in patients with neutropenia. Initial attempts involved obtaining granulocytes from patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia [55, 56]. Transfusion of these cells had clinical benefits [57], and this led to a decade of effort to develop methods to obtain granulocytes from normal donors [58]. At best, these methods produced only modest doses of granulocytes; improvements in antibiotics and general patient care have supplanted the need for granulocyte transfusions except in very limited circumstances (see Chapters 10 and 11).
1.19 Summary
Blood banking and transfusion medicine developed slowly during the 1950s but much more rapidly between the 1960s and the 1980s. Some of the important advances mentioned in this chapter were understanding blood groups and the identification of hundreds of specific red cell antigens; the development of the plastic bag system for blood collection and separation; plasma fractionation for the production of blood derivatives, especially factor VIII; improved red cell preservation; platelet preservation and transfusion; understanding hemolytic and febrile transfusion reactions; expanded testing for transmissible diseases; and the recognition of leukocyte and platelet antigen systems. Blood collection and storage is now a complex process operated much like the manufacturing of a pharmaceutical. Transfusion medicine is now the complex, sophisticated medical–technical discipline that makes possible many modern medical therapies.
References
1 1. Greenwalt TJ. The short history of transfusion medicine. Transfusion 1997; 37:550–563.
2 2. Oberman HA. The history of blood transfusion. In: Petz LD, Swisher SN, eds. Clinical Practice of Blood Transfusion. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1981, pp. 11–32.
3 3. Kilduffe RA, de Bakey M. The Blood Bank and the Technique and Therapeutics of Transfusions. St. Louis, MO: CV Mosby, 1942.
4 4. Lyons AS, Keiner M. Circulation of the blood. In: Lyons AS, Petrucelli RJ II, Abrams NH, eds. Medicine: An Illustrated History. New York: Harvey N Abrams, 1978, pp. 437–459.
5 5. Mollison PL, Engelfriet P. Blood transfusion. Sem Hematol 1999; 36:48–58.
6 6. Lower R. A treatise on the heart on the movement and color of the blood and on the passage of the chyle into the blood. In: Franklin KJ, ed. Special Edition, The Classics of Medicine Library. Birmingham, AL: Gryphon Editions Inc., 1989.
7 7. Farr AD. The first human blood transfusion. Med Hist 1980; 24:143–162.
8 8. Blundell J. Successful case of transfusion. Lancet 1928–1929; 1:431–432.
9 9. Huestis DW. The first blood transfusion in Russia (1832). Transfusion 2004; 44:1367–1369.
10 10. Kuhns WJ. Historical milestones—blood transfusion in the Civil War. Transfusion 1965; 5:92–94.
11 11. Landsteiner K. On agglutination of normal human blood. Transfusion 1961; 1:5–8.
12 12. Isohemagglutination: recommendation that the Jansky classification be adopted for universal use. JAMA 1921; 76:130–131. Miscellany.
13 13. Hektoen L. Iso‐agglutination of human corpuscles. JAMA 1907; 48:1739–1740.
14 14. Ottenberg R. Studies in isohemagglutination, I: transfusion and the question of intravascular agglutination. J Exp Med 1911; 13:425–438.
15 15. Crile GW. Technique of direct transfusion of blood. Ann Surg 1907; 46:329–332.
16 16. Doan C. The transfusion problem. Physiol Rev 1927; 7:1–84.
17 17. Braxton‐Hicks J. Case of transfusion: with some remarks on a new method of performing the operation. Guys Hosp Rep 1869; 14:1–14.
18 18. Lewisohn R. The citrate method of blood transfusion after ten years. Boston Med Surg J 1924; 190:733.
19 19. Weil R. Sodium citrate in the transfusion of blood. JAMA 1915; 64:425.
20 20. Robertson O. Transfusion with preserved red blood cells. Br Med J 1918; 1:691.
21 21. Jorda JD. The Barcelona blood transfusion service. Lancet 1939; 1:773.
22 22. Fantus B. The therapy of the Cook County Hospital: blood transfusion. JAMA 1937; 109:128–133.
23 23. Yudin SS. Transfusion of cadaver blood. JAMA 1936; 106:997–999.
24 24. Levine P, Newark NJ, Stetson RE. An unusual case of intra‐group agglutination. JAMA 1939; 113:126–127.
25 25. Levine P, Katzin EM, Newark NJ, et al. Isoimmunization in pregnancy—its possible bearing on the etiology of erythroblastosis foetalis. JAMA 1941; 116:825–827.
26 26. Freda VJ, Gorman JG, Pollack W. Successful prevention of experimental Rh sensitization in man with an anti‐Rh gamma 2‐globulin antibody preparation: a preliminary report. Transfusion 1964; 4:26.
27 27. Clarke CA, Donohoe WTA, McConnell RB, et al. Further experimental studies in the prevention of Rh‐haemolytic disease. Br Med J 1963; 1:979.
28 28. Moreschi C. Neue tatsachen uber die blutkorperchen‐agglutination. Zentralbl Bakt 1908; 46:49–51.
29 29. Coombs RRA, Mourant AE, Race RR. A new test for the detection of weak and “incomplete” Rh agglutinins. Br J Exp Pathol 1945; 26:225.
30 30. Loutit JF, Mollison PL. Advantages of disodium‐citrate‐glucose mixture as a blood preservative. Br Med J 1943; 2:744.
31 31. Elliott J, Tatum WL, Nesset N. Use of plasma as a substitute for whole blood. N C Med J 1940; 1:283–289.
32 32. Elliott J. A preliminary report of a new method of blood transfusion. South Med Surg 1936; 98:643–645.
33 33. Cohn EJ, Oncley JL, Strong LE, et al. Chemical, clinical, and immunological studies on the products of human plasma fractionation. J Clin Invest 1944; 23:417–606.
34 34. Starr D. Again and again in World War II, blood made the difference. J Am Blood Resources Assoc 1995; 4:15–20.
35 35. Kendrick DB. Blood Program in World