LITMIR.BIZ

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Among the ISSEDONES, who dwell northeast of the Massagetae near the Urals (cf. Ptol. Geog. 6.16.5), when a father dies, his sons and nearest relations prepare a feast of his flesh mixed with that of their flock. They then strip his skull and gild it to be used as a relic for religious offerings (4.26). The CALLATIAE, living at the eastern edges of the world in INDIA, are likewise said to eat their parents (3.38). Another tribe of Indians called the PADAEANS would kill those who became sick and eat them before the DISEASE rendered them inedible. The slaying was carried out by those closest to them, with men killing men and women killing women. They also slaughtered and ate those who grew very old, but few reached this stage in life, having been euthanized earlier after falling ill (3.99). The tradition of locating cannibals at the edges of the world would be continued by later writers including STRABO, and into the Middle Ages, with explorers such as Marco Polo and John of Plano Carpini. After the discovery of the New World, explorers and missionaries such as Columbus and Joseph Francois Lafitau, the latter being especially influenced by Herodotus, continued to describe savage tribes of cannibals in unfamiliar lands.

      In addition to accounts of customary cannibalism, Herodotus relates several specific episodes in which it occurred. While in EGYPT, CAMBYSES (II) led a disastrous campaign against the ETHIOPIANS during which all of their provisions ran out and the men resorted to cannibalism by killing and eating one in every ten men (3.25; John of Plano Carpini 4.52 relates an almost identical episode occurring in the army of Genghis Khan). Other episodes involved cannibalism through DECEPTION as a form of VENGEANCE. After HARPAGUS THE MEDE, the cowherd of ASTYAGES, failed to kill the baby Cyrus as ordered, he was invited to a FEAST by the king at which he was served the flesh of his own son. Much like the feast of Thyestes, the head, hands, and feet were removed and ultimately shown to Harpagus, revealing Astyages’ plot (1.119). CYAXARES, the king of the MEDES, had entrusted several Median youths to be trained by Scythians in ARCHERY. After being mistreated by Cyaxares, the Scythians killed one of the boys and served him up to the king and his companions at a banquet (1.73).

      SEE ALSO: Barbarians; Ethnography; Extremes; Meat; nomos; Reception of Herodotus, 1350–1750

      FURTHER READING

      1 Murphy, E. M., and J. P. Mallory. 2000. “Herodotus and the Cannibals.” Antiquity 74: 388–94.

ANTHYLLA ( Ἄνθυλλα)

      CHRISTOPHER BARON

       University of Notre Dame

      A city in the northwestern Nile DELTA of EGYPT near the mouth of the Canobic branch (BA 74 C2). Anthylla lay on the route taken by ships sailing to NAUCRATIS. Its claim to FAME, Herodotus says, was the HONOR of providing shoes to the wife of the ruler of Egypt since the time of the country’s incorporation into the Persian Empire (2.97.2–98.1). Six centuries later, Athenaeus, a native of Naucratis, lauds the WINE of Anthylla as the best in Egypt; he also says Persian kings used revenue from the city to buy girdles for their wives (1.33f).

      SEE ALSO: Archandropolis; Bodily Adornment; Canobus; Dress; Persia

      FURTHER READING

      1 Lloyd, Alan B. 1976. Herodotus: Book, II, Commentary 1–98, 392–93. Leiden: Brill.

ANTICHARES (Ἀντιχάρης, ὁ)

      CHRISTOPHER BARON

       University of Notre Dame

      Antichares of ELEON (Boeotia), using the “ORACLES of LAÏUS” (mythical father of OEDIPUS), advised the exiled Spartan king DORIEUS to establish a colony at Heracleia (MINOA) in SICILY, saying all of ERYX belonged to the descendants of HERACLES (5.43). Antichares was probably an “oraclemonger” (chrēsmologos) using apocryphal oracles collected under Laïus’ name (How and Wells 1912, 2: 17). Dorieus indeed went to Sicily but was defeated and killed there by the PHOENICIANS (5.46). A kalos inscription from the necropolis of Rhitsóna near Eleon refers to an Anticharos, perhaps the same person (Burrows and Ure 1909, 342–44).

      SEE ALSO: Bacis; Colonization; Heracleidae

      REFERENCES

      1 Burrows, R. M., and P. N. Ure. 1909. "Excavations at Rhitsóna in Boeotia." JHS 29: 308–53.

      2 How, W. W., and J. Wells. 1912. A Commentary on Herodotus. 2 vols. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

      FURTHER READING

      1 Fontenrose, Joseph. 1978. The Delphic Oracle: Its Responses and Operations, with a Catalogue of Responses, 158. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.

      2 LGPN III.B, 44.

ANTICYRA (Ἀντικύρη, ἡ)

      MELODY WAUKE

       University of Notre Dame

      A POLIS on the southern bank of the Spercheius River in Malis, exact location unknown (BA 55 C3; Müller I, 304), and not to be confused with the better‐attested Anticyra in PHOCIS which does not appear in the Histories. Herodotus describes Anticyra as the first city on the MALIAN GULF when one is traveling from Achaea (Phthiotis) into Malis. The Persians’ route led them through here on their way to TRACHIS in 480 BCE (7.198.2). EPHIALTES, who betrayed the Greeks at THERMOPYLAE, was later killed at Anticyra (7.213.2).

      SEE ALSO: Achaeans of Phthiotis; Corydallus; Malians; Polyas

      FURTHER READING

      1 Hignett, Charles. 1963. Xerxes’ Invasion of Greece, 129. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

      2 IACP no. 428 (709–10, “Antikyre”).

ANTIDORUS (Ἀντίδωρος, ὁ)

      CHRISTOPHER BARON

       University of Notre Dame

      On the first day of fighting at ARTEMISIUM (480 BCE), Antidorus of LEMNOS deserted to the Greek side, alone of the Greeks fighting for PERSIA; Herodotus reports that the Athenians awarded him land on the ISLAND of SALAMIS as thanks (8.11.3). Presumably this means Antidorus became an Athenian citizen as well (Figueira 1991, 254), though he may already have had some status at ATHENS given their previous possession of Lemnos after Miltiades’ CONQUEST of it (6.136–40). When the IONIAN REVOLT failed, the island reverted to Persian control. Antidorus fought on the Greek side again at the Battle of Salamis (8.82.2).

      SEE ALSO: Miltiades the Younger; Naval Warfare

      REFERENCES

      1 Figueira, Thomas J. 1991. Athens and Aigina in the Age of Imperial Colonization. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

      FURTHER READING

      1 Moggi, Mauro. 1978. “L’insedimento a Salamina di Antidoro Lemnio e degli uccisori di Mirrina.” ASNP ser. 3 vol. 8: 1301–11.

ANTIOCHUS (Ἀντίοχος, ὁ)

      CHRISTOPHER BARON

       University of Notre Dame

      Patronymic, father of Teisamenus and HAGIAS, of ELIS (9.33.1). Teisamenus was the most successful seer of his time and a member of the IAMIDAE family; since the practice of seercraft was often hereditary, Antiochus was presumably a seer as well. Nothing more is known of him.

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