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EXERCISE IX.

      Distinguish between the following:— 1. The President's reception. The reception of the President. 2. Mother's love. Love of mother. 3. A sister's care. Care of a sister. 4. A brother's picture. The picture of a brother. 5. Clive's reception in London. The reception of Clive in London. 6. Charles and Harry's toys. Charles's and Harry's toys. 7. Let me tell you a story of Doctor Brown (Brown's).

      

       EXERCISE X.

      Correct the following, giving the reason for each correction:— 1. A dog and a cat's head are differently shaped. 2. Whose Greek grammar do you prefer—Goodwin or Hadley? 3. It is neither the captain nor the manager's duty. 4. I consulted Webster, Stormonth, and Worcester's dictionary. 5. I like Hawthorne better than Irving's style. 6. John, Henry and William's nose resembled one another. 7. The novel is one of Scott. 8. I have no time to listen to either John or Joseph's talk.

Singular and Plural.[15]—In modern English most nouns form the plural by adding "s" to the singular. The following variations from this rule are important:—

      1. When the added sound of "s" makes an additional syllable, "es" is used: as, box, boxes; church, churches.

       2. Nouns ending in "o." If the final "o" is preceded by a vowel, the plural is formed regularly, i.e., by adding "s": as, cameo, cameos. If the final "o" is preceded by a consonant, the tendency of modern usage is to form the plural by adding "es": as, hero, heroes; potato, potatoes. The following common words, however, seem still to form the plural by adding "s" alone:—

canto	lasso	proviso	torso
duodecimo	memento	quarto	tyro
halo	octavo	solo
junto	piano	stiletto

      3. Nouns ending in "y." If the "y" is preceded by a vowel, the plural is regular: as, valley, valleys. If the "y" is preceded by a consonant, "y" is changed to "i" and "es" is added to form the plural: as, lady, ladies; city, cities. 4. Proper nouns are changed as little as possible: as, Henry, Henrys; Mary, Marys; Cicero, Ciceros; Nero, Neros. 5. Most compound nouns form the plural by adding the proper sign of the plural to the fundamental part of the word, i.e., to the part which is described by the rest of the phrase: as, ox-cart, ox-carts; court-martial, courts-martial; aide-de-camp, aides-de-camp. Note the difference between the plural and the possessive of compound nouns—forms which are often confounded. See page 16. 6. Letters, figures, and other symbols are made plural by adding an apostrophe and "s" ('s): as, "There are more e's than a's in this word"; "Dot your i's and cross your t's." 7. Some nouns have two plurals, which differ in meaning:—

Singular.	Plural.
brother	brothers (by birth), brethren (of a society).
die	dies (for coining or stamping), dice (for play).
fish	fishes (separate fish), fish (collective).
index	indexes (in books), indices (in algebra).
penny	pennies (separate coins), pence (sum of money).
shot	shots (discharges), shot (balls).
staff	staves (poles), staffs (bodies of assistants).

[15] "Foundations," pp. 45–47.

EXERCISE XI. [16]

Write the plural of: Lash, cage, race, buffalo, echo, canto, volcano, portfolio, ally, money, solo, memento, mosquito, bamboo, ditch, chimney, man, Norman,[17] Mussulman, city, negro, baby, calf, man-of-war, attorney, goose-quill, canon, quail, mystery, turkey, wife, body, snipe, knight-errant,[17] donkey, spoonful, aide-de-camp, Ottoman, commander-in-chief, major-general, pony, reply, talisman, court-martial, father-in-law, court-yard, man-trap, Brahman, journey, Henry, stepson, deer, mouthful, Miss Clark,[18] Mr. Jones, Dr. Brown, Dutchman, German, forget-me-not, poet-laureate, minister-plenipotentiary, hero, fish, trout, Mary, George, bill-of-fare.

[16] To THE TEACHER.—To have its full value this should be given as a dictation exercise. [17] Consult a dictionary for this and similar nouns. [18] Proper names preceded by a title are made plural by changing either the name or the title, and using "the" before the expression. We may say "the Miss Smiths" or "the Misses Smith," "the Doctors Young" or "the Doctor Youngs."

      EXERCISE XII.

      Distinguish between:—

      1. Two dice (dies) were found in the prisoner's pockets.

       2. He was always kind to his brothers (brethren).

       3. How many shot (shots) did you count?

       4. He carried two pailfuls (pails full) of water up the hill.

       5. I have two handfuls (hands full) of gold-dust.

       6. He gave the beggar six pennies (pence).

       7. There are serious errors in the indexes (indices) in this new Algebra.

       8. Ten shot (shots) were fired from the gun in fifteen minutes.

      

      EXERCISE XIII.

      Which of the following forms should be used? Consult Hill's "Foundations," pp. 45–47:—

      1. The members of the committee were greatly alarmed at this (these) news.

       2. Tidings was (were) brought to them of the massacre on Snake River.

       3. The endowment of the college was greatly increased by this (these) means.

       4. The widow's means was (were) at first large, but it was (they were) soon exhausted by the prodigality of her son.

       5. The assets of the company are (is) $167,000.

       6. The dregs in the cup was (were) found to be very bitter.

       7. The eaves of the new house are (is) thirty-two feet above the ground.

       8. Athletics are (is) run into the ground in many schools.

       9. Politics is (are) like a stone tied around the neck of literature.

       10. The nuptials

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