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Mishnah and Tosefta

      1.1 Mishnah

      1.1.1 Contents

      1.1.2 Origins

      1.1.3 Purpose of the Mishnah

      1.1.4 Literary form, publication and authority of the Mishnah

      1.1.5 The text, its transmission and its commentary

      1.2 Tosefta

      1.2.1 Contents

      1.2.2 Origins

      1.2.3 The Relationship between Tosefta and Mishnah

      1.2.4 The text of the Tosefta, its transmission and commentary

      2 Tannaitic Midrashim

      2.1 General observations

      2.2 The Mekhilta de-Rabbi Yishmael

      2.2.1 Contents and Structure

      2.2.2 Character and Date

      2.2.3 The Text, its Transmission and Translations

      2.3 The Mekhilta de-Rabbi Simeon ben Yoḥai

      2.3.1 Text

      2.3.2 Contents and Character

      2.4 Baraita de-Melekhet ha-Mishkan

      2.5 Sifra

      2.5.1 Contents and Structure

      2.5.2 The Literary Program of Sifra

      2.5.3 The Unity of Sifra

      2.5.4 The Text of Sifra, its Transmission and Translations.

      2.6 Sifre Numbers

      2.6.1 Contents and Structure

      2.6.2 Character and Date

      2.6.3 Text, Translation, and Commentaries

      2.7 Sifre Zutta to Numbers and Deuteronomy

      2.7.1 Sifre Zutta to Numbers

      2.7.2 Sifre Zutta to Deuteronomy

      2.8 Sifre Deuteronomy

      2.8.1 Contents and Structure

      2.8.2 Character and Date

      2.8.3 Text and Commentaries

      2.9 Midrash Tannaim (Mekhilta on Deuteronomy)

      2.10 Seder ʿOlam

      For Further Reading

      Amoraic Literature (ca 250–650 CE): Talmud and Midrash

      Carol Bakhos

      1 Amoraim

      2 Disciple Circles and Study Halls

      3 The Talmuds

      3.1 The Palestinian Talmud (The Yerushalmi)

      3.2 The Babylonian Talmud (The Bavli)

      4 Midrash

      4.1 Midrashic Compilations

      4.2 Genesis Rabbah

      4.3 Lamentations (Eikhah) Rabbah

      4.4 Song of Songs (Shir ha-Shirim) Rabbah

      4.5 Leviticus Rabbah

      4.6 Pesikta de Rav Kahana

      4.7 Ecclesiastes Rabbah

      5 Conclusion

      For Further Reading

      Rabbinic-Gaonic and Karaite Literatures

      Burton L. Visotzky and Marzena ZawanowskaIn memory of our dear colleague and friend Ilana Sasson. Burton L. Visotzky wrote the section on Rabbinic-Gaonic literatures. Marzena Zawanowska wrote on Karaite literature.

      1 Rabbinic-Gaonic literatures (ca. 650–1050 CE)

      1.2 Gaonic Mishnah and Talmud Commentaries, Introductions

      1.3 Gaonic Law () and Custom ()

      1.3.1 Halakhot Pesuqot and Halakhot Gedolot

      1.3.2 Responsa

      1.3.3 Saʿadia

      1.3.4 Shmuel ben Hofni

      1.3.5 Hai ben Sherira

      1.3.6 Differing Customs between Babylonian and Palestinian Rabbinic Jews

      1.4 Midrash

      1.4.1 She’iltot

      1.4.2 Ve-hizhir

      1.4.3 Tanḥuma literature

      1.4.4 Midrash Kohelet Rabbah

      1.4.5 Pirqe Rabbi Eliezer and Targum Ps. Jonathan

      1.4.6 Seder Eliahu

      1.4.7 Midrash Mishle

      1.4.8 Avot DeRabbi Natan

      1.5 Biblical exegesis

      1.5.1 Tafsīr and Commentary

      1.5.2 Masoretes

      1.5.3 Grammarians

      1.6 Philosophy

      1.7 Medieval Mysticism

      1.8 Piyyut

      1.9 Liturgy

      1.10 Polemic

      1.10.1 Iggeret Rav Sherira

      1.10.2 Rabbenu Nissim ibn Shahin and Rabbenu Hananel ben Hushiel of Kairawan, Shmuel ibn Naghrela of Granada

      2 Karaite Literature and its Genres (9–11 c.)

      2.1 Legal texts

      2.2 Exegetical works

      2.3 Masorah

      2.4 Grammatical tradition

      2.5 Philosophical treatises

      2.6 Polemical texts

      2.7 Homilies and propaganda writings

      2.8 Karaite liturgy and piyyutim

      3 Conclusions

      For Further Reading

      Medieval Commentary, Responsa, and Codes Literature

      Jonathan S. Milgram

      1 Introduction

      2 The Geonim

      2.1 Commentary of the Geonim

      2.2 Responsa Literature of the Geonim

      2.3 Codes Literature of the Geonim

      3 The Rishonim

      3.1 Muslim Spain and North Africa

      3.1.1 Commentary in Muslim Spain and North Africa

      3.1.2 Responsa from Spain and North Africa (Muslim period)

      3.1.3 Codes Literature from Spain and North Africa (Muslim Period)

      3.2 Northern Europe

      3.2.1 Commentary in Northern Europe

      3.2.2 Responsa in Northern Europe

      3.2.3 Codes Literature in Northern Europe

      3.3 Christian Spain

      3.3.1 Commentary in Christian Spain

      3.3.2 Responsa of Christian Spain

      3.3.3 Codes Literature of Christian Spain

      4 The Fifteenth to the Sixteenth Century: R. Joseph Caro and R. Moses Isserles

      For Further Reading

      Medieval Biblical Commentary and Aggadic Literature

      Rachel S. Mikva

      1 Biblical Commentary

      1.1 From Derash to Peshat

      1.1.1 The Emergence of the Northern French School

      1.1.2

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