Monument Future - Siegfried Siegesmund

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that can affect its durability. Those two index properties can be measured by the same test. The effective porosity and the dry and saturated unit weights of the limestone samples were determined using the saturation and buoyancy techniques suggested by ISRM (1981). It is understood from the measurements of 30 samples, the limestone samples have effective porosities varying from 20.44 % to 45.01 %, with an average of 35.65 % (Table 1). The majority of the effective porosity values for the limestone samples are greater than 37 %. The ranges of dry and saturated unit weights of the samples are 14.75–20.29 kN/ m3 (with 231an average of 17.06 kN/m3) and 19.16–22.30 kN/m3 (with an average of 20.55 kN/ m3), respectively. According to Anon (1979), Midyat limestones have very high porosity and very low unit weight.

      Water absorption is also a critical parameter that affects the durability of stone material. The water absorption behavior of a rock material is closely related to its porosity, pore size distribution and mineralogical composition (Siegesmund and Dürrast 2011). Water absorption test was conducted to calculate the amount of water that stone material can absorb under atmospheric pressure. The test was performed following the procedures suggested by RILEM (1980). During the tests, water absorptions by weight and by volume were determined for 30 limestone samples. The ranges of water absorption by weight and water absorption by volume of the limestone samples are 5.89 % to 18.29 % and 12.27 % to 27.29 %, respectively. The average water absorption by weight and by volume results for the questioned limestone samples are 11.96 % and 20.38 %, respectively (Table 1). The UCS of the limestone samples was determined using the procedure described in ISRM (1981). The test was performed on 15 dry and 15 saturated cubic samples. The average UCS values of Midyat limestone samples for dry and saturated states are 15.15 and 9.23 MPa, respectively (Table 1). According to the rock classifications for the strength of rocks proposed by Anon, (1979) and BSI (2015), the examined limestones are classified as “weak”.

      230Through this study, the saturation coefficient of the limestones has been measured as well. This coefficient defines how much of the total pore space of a rock material is accessible to water absorption and can be used for assessment of durability (Přikryl 2013; Dursun and Topal 2019). It is the ratio between the water absorption by weight under atmospheric pressure and the water absorption by weight under vacuum pressure.

      This coefficient is dimensionless and can be expressed as a decimal or as a percentage. It has been reported that a stone material with a very high saturation coefficient (i. e. greater than 0.8) may be susceptible to frost damage (Schaffer 1972; RILEM 1980; Ross and Butlin 1989). Based on the test results, it is found that the saturation coefficient of the Midyat limestones ranges between 0.50 and 0.64, with an average of 0.57, meaning that 57 % of the pores can be filled by water (Table 1).

      Based on the coefficient ranges suggested by Hirschwald (1908), the questioned samples can be classified as frost resistant.

      The effect of strength reduction of stone material owing to the presence of water is a well-known fact. The effect of water saturation on rock strength has been evaluated to define the wet-to-dry strength ratio. The wet-to-dry strength ratio is also a durability parameter, defined as the ratio between the strength of rock material in wet and dry conditions. Winkler (1986) recommended that the ratio between wet and dry strength values is a rapid and reliable method for classifying rock material in terms of durability. In order to evaluate the wet-to-dry strength ratios of the Midyat limestones, the averages of the saturated and dry uniaxial compressive strength values were used. The wet-to-dry strength ratio of the examined samples was determined to be 0.61. According to Winkler (1986), the expected performance of the questioned limestones were classified as “very poor” and “poor” reflecting less durability.

      Thermal properties of the natural buildng stones are important parameters since they have an influence on building climate. Especially it becomes critical while some parts of the building stones are directly exposed to solar radiation (Hall 2011). It is reported that minerals having low thermal conductivity values transmit the heat very slowly from the surface to the inner part of the stone materials (Siegesmund and Dürrast 2011). To measure the thermal properties of Midyat limestones 10 cubic samples were used. The results of the thermal properties are also tabulated in Table 1. it is found that the Midyat limestones have thermal conductivity results ranging from 1.22 to 1.93 W/mK with an average of 1.47 W/mK, and volumetric heat capacity ranging between 1.46 and 1.96 J/m3K, with an average of 1.62 J/m3K.

      Figure 2: Some of the deterioration forms observed on Mardin Limestone (a,b) mechanical damages on different sections of the walls; (c) flaking; (d) alveolization at a upper section walls of Dara Ruins; (d) deposits-staining on a gate; (e) efflorescences on the upper left part of an arch; (g) pigeon droppings at the lower section of the wall; (h) salt crust-crumbling at the lower part of a wall.

       Conclusions

      Regarding its rich cultural, social and religious diversity, Mardin is an extraordinary example of an architectural ensemble. The weathering forms developed on monuments and the physico-mechanical properties of the limestone material have been discussed in the present study. The field surveys indicate that there are numerous weathering forms of various sizes, including efflorescence, alveolization, erosion, deposits and biological colonization, pigeon droppings on the monuments, which are evidence of the destruction and deterioration in progress. The physico-mechanical properties demonstrate that the questioned limestone samples have very high porosity, very low unit weight and weak compression strength. The durability of the material assessed by saturation coefficient and wet-to-dry strength ratio. It can be inferred from the assessment that, all the limestone samples have saturation coefficients of less than 0.8, which means the samples should not be susceptible to frost damage; however, this coefficient alone is not a reliable guide for evaluating the frost susceptibility and durability of rock material. On the other hand, the wet-to-dry strength ratio, limestone samples reflecting less durability. Considering the field observations, these results can be reliable for freshly quarried limestones. Further non-destructive investigations should be performed on the monuments and the results should be correlated with the fresh ones.

       Acknowledgement

      The author wishes to thank the Dicle University/Scientific Research Project Coordination Office (DÜBAP), for the financial support under the grant number MÜHENDİSLİK.18.007.

       References

      Anon (1979) Classification of Rocks and Soils for Engineering Geological Mapping, Part 1: Rock and Soil Materials. Bull Int Assoc Eng Geol 19:364–371.

      ASTM (2014) D5334–14 Standard test method for determination of thermal conductivity of soil and soft rock by thermal needle probe procedure.

      Bristow I (1990) An Introduction to the Restoration, Conservation and Repair of Stone. In: Conservation of Building and Decorative Stone. pp 1–18.

      BSI (2015) Code of Practice for Ground Investigations. British Standard Institution (BS 5930:2015), London, 328 p.

      Duran O, Șemșir D, Sezgin İ, Perinçek D (1988) 232Güneydoğu Anadolu’da Midyat ve Silvan Gruplarının Stratigrafisi, Sedimantolojisi ve Petrol Potansiyeli. TPJD Bülteni 1:99–126.

      Dursun F, Topal T (2019) Durability assessment of the basalts used in the

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