Monument Future - Siegfried Siegesmund

Скачать книгу

      Brandi, C. (2006) Theorie der Restaurierung (trad. Schäedler-Saub, U., Jakobs, D.), Munich.

      Iler, R. K. (1979) The Chemistry of Silica, Wiley (Interscience, New York.

      Maroutyan, T. (1976) Avani tachary ev hamanman husharcanner [Cathedral of Avan and same monuments], 1976, Yerevan

      Pötzl, Chr., Siegesmund, S., Dohrmann, R., Koning, J. M., Wedekind, W. (2018) Deterioration of volcanic tuff rocks from Armenia: constraints on salt crystallization and hydric expansion, Environmental Earth Sciences 77:660, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-018-7777-8.

      Wedekind, W., Harutyunyan, E., Novakovic, N., Siegesmund, S. (2020) Experimental Conservation and first Investigations on the Weathering of Geghard Monastery (Armenia). In Siegesmund, S. and Middendorf, B. (Eds.), Monument future: Decay and conservation of stone, Göttingen, Kassel, Mitteldeutscher Verlag, Halle.

      Wedekind, W. (2014) Schwierige Ruinen – Zur Erhaltung der Ruinen und Felsmonumente an der Unstrut. In.: Siegesmund, S., Hoppert, M., Epperlein, K. (Eds.) Natur – Stein – Kultur – Wein – 144zwischen Saale und Untrut. Mitteldeutscher Verlag, p. 293–320.

      Wedekind, W., Ruedrich, J. (2006) Salt-Weathering, Conservation Techniques and Strategies to protect the rock cut Facades in Petra/Jordan. In: R. Fort, M. Álvarez de Buergo, M. Gomez-Heras & C. Vazquez-Calvo (Eds.). Heritage, Weathering and Conservation. Taylor & Francis, London, p. 261–268. terscience, New York.

      Maroutyan, T. (1976) Avani tachary ev hamanman husharcanner [Cathedral of Avan and same monuments], 1976, Yerevan

      145

       NOTES OF A BOWING BEHAVIOR ON LIMESTONE

      IN: SIEGESMUND, S. & MIDDENDORF, B. (EDS.): MONUMENT FUTURE: DECAY AND CONSERVATION OF STONE.

       – PROCEEDINGS OF THE 14TH INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON THE DETERIORATION AND CONSERVATION OF STONE –

       VOLUME I AND VOLUME II. MITTELDEUTSCHER VERLAG 2020.

      1 University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal

      2 Centro de Geociências da Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal

      3 Geoscience Centre of the Georg August University Göttingen, Germany

       Abstract

      Eleven Portuguese limestones were evaluated regarding their bowing behavior. Only one variety showed meaningful bowing values under thermohydric conditions. The slabs of this variety, named Valverde, show a constant rate of deformation and reach bowing values of about 8 mm/m. While under dry heating cooling cycles no deformation was observable, the addition of water lead to increasing deformation values. On the contrary, alternating dry and wet cycles enable the limestone samples to recover during the dry cycles. Only continuously wet conditions imprint permanent bowing.

      Petrographic observations and dilatometry tests allow to identify several stylolites filled with iron oxides as a possible reason for this behavior. These irregular fractures open under thermohydric conditions. Beyond a certain opening limit, the asperities inhibit the minerals to retake the initial position and deformation will be permanent. Therefore, this stone should not be used under wet conditions combined with higher temperatures. Those conditions would cause a bowing behavior as reported in several cases.

      Keywords: limestone; bowing; petrographic properties

       Introduction

      Bowing behavior has been described for different rock types. Nevertheless, marble is the stone mostly prone to such a permanent deformation. The specific textural characteristics of marble together with anisotropic calcite crystal properties causes thermal strain within grain to grain contacts and originates bowing (Siegesmund et al. 2000; Siegesmund et al. 2008). Although this phenomena was described for many rock types, as for example 146even weathered granites can display bowing behavior (Siegesmund et al. 2018), there are only scarce cases reported for limestones (Siegesmund 2008).

      Figure 1: Macroscopic appearance of Valverde limestone (honed surface; size of the photo: 10 cm × 10 cm).

      Table 1: General characteristics and classification (according Dunham (1962) and Folk (1962)) of the selected limestones. The sample VAV is the Valverde variety.

Sample General characteristics Classification
ALP Grey limestone composed of a micritic groundmass (95 %) and 5 % of components Pelagic Mudstone (after Dunham, 1962) and Micrit (after Folk, 1962)
ATAZ Light cream limestone with 50 % groundmass and 50 % components Peloidal wackestone (after Dunham, 1962) and Pelmicrit (after Folk, 1962)
ATCR Cream coloured limestone with 60 % groundmass and 40 % components Peloidal wackestone and packstone (after Dunham, 1962) and Pelmicrit (after Folk, 1962)
CODFV Light grey limestone composed of 60 % groundmass and 40 % components Ooid-peloid grainstone (after Dunham, 1962) and Oopelsparit (after Folk, 1962
LIOZ Fully recrystallized limestone composed of calcite microcrystals (sparit and microsparit) Dolosparit (after Folk, 1962)
MCCT Light cream limestones composed of 50 % groundmass and 50 % components Bioclastic grainstone (after Dunham, 1962) and Biopelsparudit (after Folk, 1962)
SBM Light cream limestone composed of 40 % groundmass and 60 % components Peloidal grainstone (after Dunham, 1962) and Pelsparit (after Folk, 1962)
SBR Light cream limestone composed of 40 % groundmass and 60 % components Ooid grainstone (after Dunham, 1962) and Oosparudit (after Folk, 1962)
VAV Light to medium grey limestone composed of 70 % groundmass and 30 % components. Bioclastic packstone/grainstone (after Dunham, 1962) and Biosparit/Biodismicrit (after Folk, 1962).
VPAZ Medium grey limestone composed of a micritic groundmass (> 90 %) and less than 10 % of components Pelagic Mudstone (after Dunham, 1962) and Micrit (after Folk, 1962)
VPCR Light grey limestone composed of 60 % groundmass and 40 % components Bioclastic

Скачать книгу