Oriental Rugs - Peter F. Stone

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often in a tree-of-life prayer rug design. Touches of orange, light blue, and green are sometimes used. Designs are usually all-over patterns of gul-like elements, botehs, or geometricized Mina Khani patterns. Usually, there is a flatwoven strip at top and bottom of the rug. It may be striped or woven in slit-weave tapestry and include designs of weft substitution patterning.

      The Baluch weave sofrehs, ru-korsi, saddle bags, salt bags, balisht, and other bags. Weavings of the Aimaq, including Timu ris, have often been confused with those of the Baluch. Rugs of the Quchân Kurds and the Ferdows Arabs have also been attributed to the Baluch. See”Bahluli,” “black Baluchi,” “Chakhansur,” “Jan Mirzai,” “Moreidari,” “Yaqub Khani,” and “Zâbol.”

      Baluchi weft substitution patterning and weft twining

      Baluchi rug Moe Jamali

      Baluchistan. An area of southeastern Iran and western Pakistan. The inhabitants of this area produce flatwoven pieces, but very few pile rugs. Pile rugs generally attributed to the Baluch are woven in Khurasan and Afghanistan. Baluchistan is a harsh and arid area. The native Baluch are primarily nomadic. They weave a wide variety of flatwoven articles on horizontal ground looms. Many of their weavings are intricate examples of weft substitution patterning. Shells, bones, beads, and buttons are often used as accessory ornaments. Functional articles consist of bedding covers (shaffi) and floor covers (kont). Animal trap pings include camel collars (gardan-band), camel necklaces (gutti), and camel foreleg decorations (shishajel). The Baluch weave saddle bags, salt bags, flour bags (gowalag), and highly ornamented vanity bags (istrajal). See “Baluchi” and “Brahui.”

      Balvardi. See “Bulvardi.”

      bamboo. Bamboo is sometimes depicted in Chinese rugs. As a Taoist symbol, a bamboo tube is shown wrapped by a ribbon and containing several wands. It may be shown in full leaf as a motif in modern rugs. Generally, bamboo symbolizes endurance, the ability to bend without breaking.

      Bamboo

      Banat. A province of Romania and a source of kilims, usually woven with the slit-weave tapestry structure. These kilims have stripes or geometrical medallion designs. Designs and structure suggest strong Turkish influence. See “Romania.”

      band. See “ghorband,” “kanat,” “mâlband,” “navâr,” “tablet weaving,” “tang,” and “tent band.”

      band-e kenâreh (Persian). Heavy selvage warps in a pile rug.

      bandha (Oriya, “tied”). Ikat fabrics of Orissa, a province of central eastern India.

      Bandırma, Panderma. Bandırma is a town in northwest Anatolia on the Sea of Marmara. Copies of Gördes prayer rugs and Ottoman court rugs were woven there until the end of the Second World War. These rugs are mostly wool on a cotton foundation. Some silk rugs were woven and some were all cotton. Many of these rugs were artificially aged and have been mistaken for genuine antique Gördes prayer rugs or Ottoman court rugs. Rugs based on Persian floral designs were also woven in Bandırma.

      Bannu. A town of northwest Pakistan and a source of commissioned rugs.

      Baotou, Paotou, Pao Tao. A town of Inner Mongolia in China northeast of Ningxia. Rugs of Baotou and surrounding villages are more densely knotted than those of Ningxia and use more blue in their de signs. Early Baotou rugs have all-over repeating patterns while later rugs are more pictorial. See “China.”

      Baotou rug Sothebys

      Barak. A town of southeast Anatolia and a source of kilims, often with a diamond or hexagon lattice design.

      Barak kilim (detail) Kazim Yildiz

      barberpole, barberpole border, gyak. Diagonal stripes. These are sometimes used in the field, but more often occur in borders and selvages of rugs. A selvedge overcast to produce diagonal stripes. A warp plied of yarn of two different colors.

      Barberpole

      Barmazid. A village of northern Afghanistan inhabited by Tekke Turkmen. They weave all-wool, double-wefted rugs in traditional Tekke designs.

      Barjid. A town of Karadagh in Persian Azerbaijan and a source of rugs woven with Chelaberd or Eagle Kazak medallions. These rugs are woven on a cotton foundation and are single-wefted.

      bar, yamany. In the Caucasus, a Kurdish kilim used as a cover.

      Barujird. See “Borujerd.”

      Baseri, Basiri, Basseri. A Persian-speaking tribe of the Khamseh Confederacy of southwest Iran. Their rugs usually have asymmetric knots. See “Khamseh Confederacy.”

      Baseri bag face R. John Howe

      bashtyk. A Kirgiz rectangular storage bag with a flap and hung in the tent. The size is about 20 by 20 inches. The face may be ornamented with embroidery and the bottom hung with tassels.

      basit elma (Turk. “simple apple”). A motif of an oval chain of small circles with a cross or diamond in the center, used in Makri and other rugs.

      Basit elma motif

      Basic dyes. Early coal tar derivative dyes developed by Perkin and Hoffman. These are salts of various organic bases. They produced bright colors on animal fibers, but were not colorfast. See “acid dyes” and “dye, synthetic.”

      basket weave. A plain weave in which there are multiple warps and multiple wefts (such as pairs or triplets) interlaced. In a basket weave, the number of warps woven as a group equals the number of wefts woven as a group.

      Basket weave

      baskur. A tent band. See “tent band.”

      Basmakçı. A town of western Anatolia. It is the source of a large contemporary production of all-wool rugs in Caucasian designs. Knot densities are about 120 per square inch.

      bast. Woody vegetable fibers used for weaving such as flax, hemp, jute, or straw.

      bat. The bat is often represented singly or in groups in Chinese and Tibetan rugs. Five bats (wufu) are emblematic of blessings.

      Bat

      Bauhaus. A design movement in Germany founded by Hermann Muthe sius and Walter Gropius in the early twentieth century. Rug weavers who participated in the movement produced pile and flat woven rugs with designs of non-objective geometric shapes. See “Art Moderne.”

      Bavânât. See “Bowanat.”

      Bayburt. A town of northeast Anatolia. It is thought to be the source of kilims with stepped mihrabs and ornate multiple borders. Dominant colors are ochre and olive green. Many of these kilims are dated. Gilt metal threads and silk were used in some of these kilims.

      bayeta. A fabric woven on treadle looms in New Mexico in the nineteenth century. The nap was raised on the fabric after it was taken from the loom. Also, wool yarn from blankets made in Spain and England that was unraveled by Navajos and rewoven into Navajo blankets. Dyes used in these yarns are critical in dating Navajo

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