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system of the brain) that cause and provide work of adaptation mechanisms. The research of Rita Levi-Montalchini (1909–2012), Italian neuroscientist and the 1986 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology and Medicine, led to the discovery of a number of nerve growth factors, one of which attracted attention of Mertsenih. It was a brain-derived neurotrophic factor, or BDNF- magic elixir of the brain. BDNF plays an important role in underpinning the changes occurring in the brain during a critical period. According to Mertsenih, it occurs in four different ways.

      When we perform an action that requires the simultaneous activation of certain neurons, they secrete BDNF. This growth factor reinforces the connection between the neurons and helps to connect them together to ensure their co-activation in the future. BDNF also promotes the growth of a thin shell of fat around each neuron, which speeds up the transmission of electrical signals. During the sensitive (critical) period BDNF activates the basal nucleus – the part of our brain that allows us to focus attention and keeps it in the activated state throughout the critical period. N. Doydzh describes this process as follows. The basal nucleus helps us not only to focus attention, but also remember what we are experiencing, helps differentiation of the brain map. Here’s how Merzenich says about it: “It is like in our brain there is a teacher who says: “That is really important – you must know this to pass the exam called life”. Merzenich calls the basal nucleus and the attention system “modulating system of control of plasticity” – a neurochemical system that when activated, transfers the brain to the state of ultimate plasticity.

      The fourth and final function of BDNF: it ends up strengthening key relationships – helping to complete the critical period. After establishing basic neural connections, need arises in the stability of the system and thus a lower level of plasticity. When BDNF is released in sufficient quantities, it disables the basal nucleus and completes the magical era of learning effortless. Subsequently, the basal nucleus can be activated only with emergence of something important, unusual or new or in the case when we make an effort to concentrate.

      The idea that the brain like muscles can grow and be strengthened through trainings ceases to be a metaphor.

      We live in an age of new technologies, speed and discoveries that lead to understanding the great importance of the human mind which makes it possible to control not only external physical processes, but also an opportunity of self-reconstruction underlying health (and illness) and longevity.

      “Homo sapiens sapientis” is the specific name of the person – acquires a concrete content, which is not to be ignored. There are no pills for longevity; even changing his genome a person is doomed to illness and death in a relatively young age because his life is getting fuller of stress. Anthropogenic psychoemotional stress (APES) is a factor causing an invisible epidemic, about which at the beginning of the last century, psychiatrist Muller-Lier wrote: “… Our science has weighed and measured both the smallest and extremely large… while what is so strongly connected with our flesh and blood, what is closest to us and strongly affects our vital interests – human suffering and disasters – science has punished with complete disregard, blindly passed by them. The fact is so paradoxical that we must be amazed” (Mueller-Lier, F., 1935). While “stress – the child of the brain”, this quiet killer, often choosing the best, carried and carries away thousands of men, earlier than women.

      The most striking, and probably the most powerful emotional force of Freud is a passionate love of truth, uncompromising faith in mind. The mind for him was that unique ability that could help solve the problem of human existence, or at least alleviate the suffering inherent in human life. The mind, as Freud felt, is our only instrument, or weapon with which we can get rid of illusions (religious shackles, according to Freud, are only one of them) and give meaning to life, to gain independence from the shackles of foreign power, and thus to install its own power on them. This faith in mind was the basis of his ceaseless quest for the truth – since in the complexity and diversity of the observed phenomena he opened a theoretical truth. Even if the results seemed absurd from the point of view of common sense, it did not bother Freud.. This belief in the power of mind proves that Freud was the son of the Enlightenment, the motto of which – “Sapere aude” (“Dare to know”) – fully identified both a person of Freud and his work.

      EVOLUTION OF ADAPTATION AND

      ITS SPECIFICITY IN HUMAN

      The system of biological adaptation (SBA)

      The system of psychosocial adaptation (SPA)

      The system of biological adaptation (SBA). Adaptation – is the basic function of human life support, functioning and development. The mechanism of adaptation was discovered in the middle of the last century by H. Selye who named it “general adaptation syndrome” (GAS), which is an endocrine and humoral regulation of human psychophysiological state in response to changes in the environment. It is caused by a single mechanism, let’s call it “stressogenesis”, which is genetically programmed and passed from generation to generation.

      This kind of adaptation is inherent in all living beings as a mechanism for implementation of self-preservation instinct and provided by a biological adaptation system (BAS). GAS can be considered an algorithm of the system which provides personality adaptation at the level of the body and actually performs adaptation of the body to the environment. According to Selye, it consists of two groups of effects: specific and non-specific psychosomatic effects.

      This division is conventional, since the response symptoms is an interlacing of the non-specific with the specific. The non-specific stereotypical effects result from the activation of neural and humoral axes manifested through the GAS. According to H. Selye, stressogenesis is specific because of its psychosomatic response to the stressor which is a three-phase process: alarm reaction (A-R); stage of resistance – strain (S-R), and stage of exhaustion – asthenization (S-E). The body’s adaptation capabilities are limited, since it is all about the biological adaptation having quite rigid borders. It supports the first basic level of adapting a living organism to changing environment, that process being relatively passive: variation – alarm (first phase of GAS) – adaptation.

      Example: A training session is under way. The audience is in a session situation, their attention, thinking and behavior are adequate to the situation. Besides getting situational information, the audience can also perceive background sensory stimulants having no adverse effects. Suddenly there is a clatter. All those present momentarily turn their heads towards the sound, half-rise, with a question on their face, bodies strained, eyes opened wide. This phase of alarm is estimating. In case the estimated situation suggests no threat, the stressor response is terminating at this phase and the audience laughing and joking (relaxation) return to the previous condition resuming training session. In case the situation is estimated as threatening (earthquake, hurricane, attack), everyone goes on the move, the behavior switches to rescue (“flight” or “fight”, according to Cannon).

      The phase of alarm is realized automatically through the sympatho-parasympathetic neural axes. Anxiety is a bioelectric effect, so it is instant and unconscious. If the situation is threatening, the second phase of stressor reaction – phase of resistance or strain is developing. It is provided by endocrine-hormonal system which throws out stress hormones into the blood stream leading to effects in different organ-systems. This phase is multistep and multilevel. Each level is maintained by a successive introduction of hormonal axes: the adrenocortical, then the somatotropic and the latest – the thyroid. Stress hormones are associated with the concept of “adaptation energy” by Selye. Numerous investigations of biological adaptation have shown that a stressor reaction has an impulsive, intermittent nature, each time followed by relaxation. As a result, the third phase – the phase of asthenization develops. According to “adaptation energy” by Selye, long-time effect of any stressor will sooner or later inevitably result in losing the “adaptation force – energy”, or to its depletion. Adaptation energy always has a quantitative limit and each organism possesses a genetically inherited stock, expended through the lifetime, which can be considered as a component of individual stress resistance. This stock can be used rapidly or slowly. Depletion of adaptation stock of energy will result in ageing or death.

      The model of stressor response

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