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input from many other regions of the nervous system and are interconnected.

Schematic illustration of functional regions of the forebrain include the frontal cortex.

      With this understanding of functional neuroanatomy and a little practice, a neurologic examination can be readily performed and interpreted. An outline of such a neurologic examination is given in the next chapter.

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      12 12 Clayton HM. Horse Species Symposium: biomechanics of the exercising horse. J Anim Sci 2016; 94(10): 4076–4086.

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Schematic illustration of practical neuroanatomy of a horse.

      Disease

        Overview

        Signalment

        History

        Procedure for the neurologic examination

        Interpretation of findings Brain and cranial nerve disease Spinal cord disease Peripheral nerve disease

        Where and what is the lesion?

        Initial plan

        References

      To distinguish between vertebral bodies and spinal cord segments, vertebral bodies and regions will be defined by site and standard numerals, whereas spinal cord segments will be defined by site with subscripted numerals. Thus, the last three cervical vertebrae are C5–7 and the last three cervical spinal cord segments are C6–8.

      Sometimes enough evidence is available from this examination to proceed with a tentative diagnosis and therapy. However, if this initial general evaluation is not enough to make an accurate anatomic diagnosis, especially if a thorough case workup is warranted or requested, then a complete neurologic examination should be undertaken that will often uncover further neurologic findings helpful to case workup. In fact, even with second opinion cases, we usually go quite rapidly through a neurologic examination in say 5 min, then return to scrutinize major components of the examination dependent on clues from the history, physical examination, contributory test results, and initial examination. Even then, it can be useful to develop a mental list of further procedures to undertake to assist with this diagnostic process. These may include testing eye responses in dim and bright light, testing nasal and temporal field vision, and spinal reflex testing in

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