Earth Materials - John O'Brien

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— Si 787 1577 3 231 4 356 16 091 19 784 23 783 — P 1012 1903 2 912 4 956 6 273 22 233 25 397 — S 1000 2251 3 361 4 564 7 012 8 495 27 105 — Cl 1251 2297 3 822 5 160 6 540 7 458 11 020 — Ar 1520 2665 3 931 5 570 7 238 8 781 11 995 — K 418 3052 4 220 5 877 7 975 9 590 11 343 14 944 Ca 590 1145 4 912 6 491 8 153 10 496 12 270 14 206

      2.2.3 Ionization behavior of columns (groups) on the periodic table

      The elements in every column or group on the periodic table (Table 2.3) share a similarity in their electron configuration that distinguishes them from elements in every other column. This shared property causes the elements in each group to behave in a similar manner during chemical reactions. As will be seen later in this chapter and throughout the book, knowledge of these patterns is fundamental to understanding and interpreting the formation and behavior of minerals, rocks, and other Earth materials. The tendency of atoms to form cations or anions is indicated by the location of elements in columns of the periodic table.

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Column (group) Ionic charge Description Examples
1 (IA) +1 Monovalent cations due to low first ionization energy Li+1, Na+1, K+1, Rb+1,Cs+1
2 (IIA) +2 Lose two electrons due to low first and second ionization energy Be+2, Mg+2, Ca+2, Sr+2, Ba+2
3–12 (IIIB–IIB) +1 to +7 Transition elements; lose variable numbers of electrons depending upon environment Cu+1, Fe+2, Fe+3, Cr+2, Cr+6, W+6, Mn+2, Mn+4, Mn+7
13 (IIIA) +3 Lose three electrons due to low first through third ionization energy B+3, Al+3, Ga+3
14 (IVA) +4 Lose four electrons due to low first through fourth ionization energy; may lose a smaller number of electrons C+4, Si+4, Ti+4, Zr+4, Pb+2, Sn+2
15 (VA) +5 to −3 Lose up to five electrons or capture three electrons to achieve stability N+5, N−3, P+5, As+3, Sb+3, Bi+4
16 (VIA) −2 Generally gain two electrons to achieve stability; gain six electrons in some environments O−2, S−2, S+6, Se−2,