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small, shallow-draft craft)

      Pipelines: crude oil 2,500 km; petroleum products 500 km; natural gas 5,600 km

      Ports and harbors: Adelaide, Brisbane, Cairns, Darwin, Devonport

       (Tasmania), Fremantle, Geelong, Hobart (Tasmania), Launceston (Tasmania),

       Mackay, Melbourne, Sydney, Townsville

      Merchant marine: total: 55 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,469,362 GRT/1,869,262 DWT ships by type: bulk 26, cargo 5, chemical tanker 4, container 1, liquefied gas 4, passenger 2, petroleum tanker 7, roll on/roll off 6, includes some foreign-owned ships registered here as a flag of convenience: France 2, United Kingdom 2, United States 14 (2002 est.)

      Airports: 421 (2001)

      Airports - with paved runways: 11 1,524 to 2,437 m: Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 139 1,524 to 2,437 m: 16 914 to 1,523 m: 111 under 914 m: 12 (2001)

      Military Australia

      Military branches: Royal Australian Army, Royal Australian Navy, Royal

       Australian Air Force

      Military manpower - military age: 17 years of age (2002 est.)

      Military manpower - availability: males age 15-49: 5,013,406 (2002 est.)

      Military manpower - fit for military service: males age 15-49: 4,321,387 (2002 est.)

      Military manpower - reaching military age annually: males: 142,686 (2002 est.)

      Military expenditures - dollar figure: $9.3 billion (FY01/02 est.)

      Military expenditures - percent of GDP: 2% (FY01/02)

      Transnational Issues Australia

      Disputes - international: Australia-East Timor-Indonesia are working to resolve maritime boundary and sharing of seabed resources in "Timor Gap"; Australia asserts a territorial claim to Antarctica and to its continental shelf

      Illicit drugs: Tasmania is one of the world's major suppliers of licit opiate products; government maintains strict controls over areas of opium poppy cultivation and output of poppy straw concentrate

      This page was last updated on 1 January 2002

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      Ashmore and Cartier Islands

      Introduction

      Ashmore and Cartier Islands

      Background: These uninhabited islands came under Australian authority in 1931; formal administration began two years later. Ashmore Reef supports a rich and diverse avian and marine habitat; in 1983 it became a National Nature Reserve. Cartier Island, a former bombing range, is now a marine reserve.

      Geography Ashmore and Cartier Islands

      Location: Southeastern Asia, islands in the Indian Ocean, northwest of Australia

      Geographic coordinates: 12 14 S, 123 05 E

      Map references: Southeast Asia

      Area: total: 5 sq km note: includes Ashmore Reef (West, Middle, and

       East Islets) and Cartier Island water: 0 sq km land: 5 sq km

      Area - comparative: about eight times the size of The Mall in Washington,

       DC

      Land boundaries: 0 km

      Coastline: 74.1 km

      Maritime claims: contiguous zone: 12 NM continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation territorial sea: 12 NM exclusive fishing zone: 200 NM

      Climate: tropical

      Terrain: low with sand and coral

      Elevation extremes: lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m highest point: unnamed location 3 m

      Natural resources: fish

      Land use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% other: 100% (all grass and sand) (1998 est.)

      Irrigated land: 0 sq km (1998 est.)

      Natural hazards: surrounded by shoals and reefs that can pose maritime hazards

      Environment - current issues: NA

      Geography - note: Ashmore Reef National Nature Reserve established in

       August 1983

      People Ashmore and Cartier Islands

      Population: no indigenous inhabitants note: Indonesian fishermen are allowed access to the lagoon and fresh waster at Ashmore Reef's West Island

      Population growth rate: NA

      People - note: the landing of illegal immigrants from Indonesia's Rote

       Island has become an ongoing problem

      Government Ashmore and Cartier Islands

      Country name: conventional long form: Territory of Ashmore and Cartier

       Islands conventional short form: Ashmore and Cartier Islands

      Dependency status: territory of Australia; administered by the Australian

       Department of Transport and Regional Services

      Legal system: the laws of the Commonwealth of Australia and the laws of the Northern Territory of Australia, where applicable, apply

      Diplomatic representation in the US: none (territory of Australia)

      Diplomatic representation from the US: none (territory of Australia)

      Flag description: the flag of Australia is used

      Economy Ashmore and Cartier Islands

      Economy - overview: no economic activity

      Transportation Ashmore and Cartier Islands

      Waterways: none

      Ports and harbors: none; offshore anchorage only

      Military Ashmore and Cartier Islands

      Military - note: defense is the responsibility of Australia; periodic visits by the Royal Australian Navy and Royal Australian Air Force

      This page was last updated on 1 January 2002

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      Austria

      Introduction

      Austria

      Background: Once the center of power for the large Austro-Hungarian Empire, Austria was reduced to a small republic after its defeat in World War I. Following annexation by Nazi Germany in 1938 and subsequent occupation by the victorious Allies in 1945, Austria's status remained unclear for a decade. A State Treaty signed in 1955 ended the occupation, recognized Austria's independence, and forbade unification with Germany. A constitutional law of that same year declared the country's "perpetual neutrality" as a condition for Soviet military withdrawal. This neutrality, once ingrained as part of the Austrian cultural identity, has been called into question since the Soviet collapse of 1991 and Austria's entry into the European Union in 1995. A prosperous country, Austria entered the European Monetary Union in 1999.

      Geography Austria

      Location: Central Europe, north of Italy and Slovenia

      Geographic coordinates: 47 20 N, 13 20 E

      Map references: Europe

      Area: total: 83,858 sq km water: 1,120 sq km land: 82,738 sq km

      Area - comparative: slightly smaller than Maine

      Land boundaries: total: 2,562 km border countries: Czech Republic 362 km, Germany 784 km, Hungary 366 km, Italy 430 km, Liechtenstein 35 km, Slovakia 91 km, Slovenia 330 km, Switzerland 164 km

      Coastline: 0 km (landlocked)

      Maritime claims: none (landlocked)

      Climate:

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