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formal administration began two years later. Ashmore Reef supports a

       rich and diverse avian and marine habitat; in 1983, it became a

       National Nature Reserve. Cartier Island, a former bombing range, is

       now a marine reserve.

      Geography Ashmore and Cartier Islands

      Location:

       Southeastern Asia, islands in the Indian Ocean, midway between

       north-western Australia and Timor island

      Geographic coordinates:

       12 14 S, 123 05 E

      Map references:

       Southeast Asia

      Area:

       total: 5 sq km

       note: includes Ashmore Reef (West, Middle, and East Islets) and

       Cartier Island

       water: 0 sq km

       land: 5 sq km

      Area - comparative:

       about eight times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC

      Land boundaries:

       0 km

      Coastline:

       74.1 km

      Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 12 nm exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

      Climate:

       tropical

      Terrain:

       low with sand and coral

      Elevation extremes:

       lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m

       highest point: unnamed location 3 m

      Natural resources:

       fish

      Land use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% other: 100% (all grass and sand) (2001)

      Irrigated land:

       0 sq km (1998 est.)

      Natural hazards:

       surrounded by shoals and reefs that can pose maritime hazards

      Environment - current issues:

       NA

      Geography - note:

       Ashmore Reef National Nature Reserve established in August 1983

      People Ashmore and Cartier Islands

      Population:

       no indigenous inhabitants

       note: Indonesian fishermen are allowed access to the lagoon and

       fresh water at Ashmore Reef's West Island (July 2004 est.)

      People - note:

       the landing of illegal immigrants from Indonesia's Rote Island has

       become an ongoing problem

      Government Ashmore and Cartier Islands

      Country name:

       conventional long form: Territory of Ashmore and Cartier Islands

       conventional short form: Ashmore and Cartier Islands

      Dependency status:

       territory of Australia; administered by the Australian Department

       of Transport and Regional Services

      Legal system:

       the laws of the Commonwealth of Australia and the laws of the

       Northern Territory of Australia, where applicable, apply

      Diplomatic representation in the US:

       none (territory of Australia)

      Diplomatic representation from the US:

       none (territory of Australia)

      Flag description:

       the flag of Australia is used

      Economy Ashmore and Cartier Islands

      Economy - overview: no economic activity

      Transportation Ashmore and Cartier Islands

      Ports and harbors: none; offshore anchorage only

      Military Ashmore and Cartier Islands

      Military - note:

       defense is the responsibility of Australia; periodic visits by the

       Royal Australian Navy and Royal Australian Air Force

      Transnational Issues Ashmore and Cartier Islands

      Disputes - international:

       Indonesian groups challenge Australia's claim to Ashmore Reef;

       Australia has closed the surrounding waters to Indonesian

       traditional fishing and has created a national park in the region

       while continuing to prospect for hydrocarbons in the vicinity

      This page was last updated on 10 February, 2005

      ======================================================================

      @Atlantic Ocean

      Introduction Atlantic Ocean

      Background:

       The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest of the world's five oceans

       (after the Pacific Ocean, but larger than the Indian Ocean, Southern

       Ocean, and Arctic Ocean). The Kiel Canal (Germany), Oresund

       (Denmark-Sweden), Bosporus (Turkey), Strait of Gibraltar

       (Morocco-Spain), and the Saint Lawrence Seaway (Canada-US) are

       important strategic access waterways. The decision by the

       International Hydrographic Organization in the spring of 2000 to

       delimit a fifth world ocean, the Southern Ocean, removed the portion

       of the Atlantic Ocean south of 60 degrees south.

      Geography Atlantic Ocean

      Location:

       body of water between Africa, Europe, the Southern Ocean, and the

       Western Hemisphere

      Geographic coordinates:

       0 00 N, 25 00 W

      Map references:

       Political Map of the World

      Area:

       total: 76.762 million sq km

       note: includes Baltic Sea, Black Sea, Caribbean Sea, Davis Strait,

       Denmark Strait, part of the Drake Passage, Gulf of Mexico, Labrador

       Sea, Mediterranean Sea, North Sea, Norwegian Sea, almost all of the

       Scotia Sea, and other tributary water bodies

      Area - comparative:

       slightly less than 6.5 times the size of the US

      Coastline:

       111,866 km

      Climate:

       tropical cyclones (hurricanes) develop off the coast of Africa near

       Cape Verde and move westward into the Caribbean Sea; hurricanes can

       occur from May to December, but are most frequent from August to

       November

      Terrain:

       surface usually covered with sea ice in Labrador Sea, Denmark

       Strait, and coastal portions of the Baltic Sea from October to June;

       clockwise warm-water

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