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      29 En principio, estas normas deónticas resultan aplicables con independencia de lo que decida el tribunal arbitral, en palabras del profesor Born, estas normas no tienen una “excepción arbitral” o una “excepción de arbitraje internacional”, lo que implica que en todo evento los abogados deberán responder por su conducta ante el colegio de abogados o la barra a la que pertenezcan (2014, p. 2853).

      30 Por ejemplo, el Código de Ética del Abogado aprobado por la Junta de Decanos de los Colegios de Abogados del Perú regula un proceso disciplinario a cargo de órganos de control deontológico en cada colegio profesional.

      31 Esto implicaría que los árbitros tengan competencia para dicha supervisión (lo cual es altamente cuestionable pues las propias normas deónticas confieren competencia a órganos específicos para l supervisión de su cumplimiento). Adicionalmente, dicha supervisión exigiría de los árbitros un ejercicio cuidadoso y diligente de aplicación de la norma en cuestión pues, como ha señalado McMullan: “(…) the rules and institutions controlling lawyers’ conduct comprise a complex system (…) These normative rules are often supported by significant jurisprudence. Therefore, when institutions apply ethical rules, they impose a ‘substantive tilt’ that is the product of their own institutional history and conceptual and cultural biases. The arbitral tribunal would have to take this ‘substantive tilt’ into account and apply the rules accordingly, and counsel would have to take i tinto account when moulding their behaviour” (2011, p. 499). Es fácil concluir que esta complejidad en la aplicación de normas distintas a una misma conducta ameritaría el trámite de un incidente que incluya, posiblemente, intercambio de escritos, expertos legales, una audiencia, etc.; encareciendo en tiempo y costos el proceso arbitral.

      32 La profesora Rogers describió acertadamente esa situación en los siguientes términos: “Ethical regulation is tied to the geographic boundaries drawn on a political map of the world, but the practice of law and movement of lawyers more closely resemble constantly moving radar images of world waeather patterns. In crossborder practice, where professional activities are performed in one jurisdiction by an attorney licensed in another, problems arise because two sovereigns (one in the attorney’s home jurisdiction and one in the host jurisdiction) have an interest in regulating the same attorney.” Rogers, 2002, p. 355.

      33 “(…) international arbitration has developed its own customs and practices in regard to a range of procedural issues. As is well known, these procedures reflect a harmonization of Anlgo-American or common law legal traditions, on the one hand, and European or civil law traditions on the other hand. This trend has been described elsewhere and has led to the formation of a basic procedural structure which —with the adjustments in individual proceedings— is used in many if not most international arbitrations” Bishop y Stevens, 2011a, p. 395. También, Park ha señalado: “Divergent rules, permitting some lawyers to engage in conduct forbidden to other, will mean that only on side has its hands tied by a professional restriction, thereby threatening the basic fairness of arbitral proceedings.” PARK, William “Lawyer Comporment in Arbitration: Costs and Benefits in the Search for Equality of Arms” en Mélanges en l´honneur de Pierre Mayer, 2015, p. 7.

      34 Como señaló el tribunal arbitral del caso Hwatska c. Eslovenia al resolver la solicitud de “recusación” de uno de los abogados del demandado: “(…) it seems unacceptable for the solution to reside in the individual national bodies which regulate the work of professional service providers, because that might lead to inconsistent or indeed arbitrary outcomes depending on the attitudes of such bodies, or the content (or lack of relevant content) of their rules. It would moreover be disruptive to interrupt international cases to ascertain the position taken by such bodies” Hwatska Elektroprivreda, d.d. v. The Republic of Slovenia, ICSID Case No. ARB 05124, Tribunal’s Ruling regarding the participation of David Mildon QC in further stages of the proceedings, 6 de mayo de 2008, párr. 25.

      35 Hwatska Elektroprivreda, d.d. v. The Republic of Slovenia, ICSID Case No. ARB 05124, Tribunal’s Ruling regarding the participation of David Mildon QC in further stages of the proceedings, 6 de mayo de 2008, párr. 33.

      36 The Rompetrol Group N.V. and Romania, ICSID Case No. ARB/06/3, Decision of the Tribunal on the Participation of a Counsel, 14 de enero de 2010, párr. 16.

      37 Fraport AG Airport Services Worldwide v. Republic of Philippines, ICSID Case No. ARB/03/25 Decision on Application for Disqualification of Counsel, 18 de setiembre de 2008.

      38 Victor Pey Casado y Fundación Presidente Allende y República de Chile, Caso CIADI ARB/98/2, Laudo, 8 de mayo de 2008, párr. 729.

      39 Desert Line Project LLC v. the Republic of Yemen, lCSID Case No. ARB/OS/17, Award, 6 de febrero de 2008, párr. 304.

      40 Inclusive la existencia de dichos poderes es controversial. Waincymer ha señalado, analizando la argumentación en las dos decisiones citadas: “It is difficult to draw the power from such discretions fro a range of reasons. Such discretionary powers are always made subject to both party autonomu and to mandatory rules of procedure. Thus, if parties expressly refuse to allow a tribunal to have any procedural discretions and demand that it rely on express powers in the balance of the arbitral rules, it would not help a tribunal if new counsel was introduced which created a Red List relationship” Cfr. Waincymer, 2010, p. 614

      41 Unplished Decision of ICSID Annulment Committee (2008), citada en Bishop y Stevens (2011a, pp. 404-405)

      42 Cfr. Waincymer, 2014, p.523.

      43 La profesora Kauffman-Kohler ha ilustrado el proceso de “globalización” del arbitraje. Cfr. Kauffman-Kohler, 2003.

      44 Sundaresh Menon (2013), citando a Toby Landau QC.

      45 Cfr. Born, 2014, p. 2875.

      46 Cfr. Baizeau, 2015, p. 351.

      47 Como ha señalado Horvath: “Arbitrators are the first line of ethical regulation in international Arbitration and an experience tribunal is the most effective weapon against arbitration guerrillas.” Horvath y Wilske, 2011, p. 313.

      48 Código de Buenas Prácticas Arbitrales del Club Español del Arbitraje, artículo 150. Encontramos que esta obligación está a veces mitigada por una obligación de independencia del cliente. Por ejemplo, Bishop y Stevens en su “International Code of Ethics for Lawyers Practicing Before International Tribunals” proponen la siguiente regla: “In the discharge of their profesional duties, lawyers shall preserve their Independence from their client.” (2011b, p. 407).

      49 La Regla 3 de los International Principles on Conduct for the Legal Profession de la IBA dispone: “A lawyer shall

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