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March 23, 2020, https://oathkeepers.org/2020/03/doctors-blunt-speech-about-covid-19-hits-home/.

11 Rhodes, “Oath Keepers Emergency Open Letter to the State Governors on Fighting the Coronavirus.”

12 Nancy Oakley, “Gun Control End Game—Bloomberg Groups Launch Campaign to Close Gun Stores,” Oath Keepers, April 6, 2020, https://oathkeepers.org/2020/04/gun-control-end-game-bloomberg-groups-launch-campaign-to-close-gun-stores/.

13 Nancy Oakley, “Too Bad You Couldn’t Get a Gun to Protect Yourself,” Oath Keepers, March 24, 2020, https://oathkeepers.org/2020/03/too-bad-you-couldnt-get-a-gun-to-protect-yourself/.

14 Nancy Oakley, “Facebook Shuts Down ‘Open New Jersey’ Protest Page for ‘Promoting Crime,’” Oath Keepers, April 20, 2020, https://oathkeepers.org/2020/04/facebook-shuts-down-open-new-jersey-protest-page-for-promoting-crime/.

15 Nancy Oakley, “Mark Zuckerberg: Lockdown Protests Are ‘Misinformation,’ Facebook Will Ban Organizers,” Oath Keepers, April 20, 2020, https://oathkeepers.org/2020/04/mark-zuckerberg-lockdown-protests-are-misinformation-facebook-will-ban-organizers/.

16 Rhodes, “Oath Keepers Emergency Open Letter to the State Governors on Fighting the Coronavirus.”

17 Nancy Oakley, “Dr. Graves Slams Dr. Fauci & Attack on Liberty Amid COVID19,” Oath Keepers, April 23, 2020, https://oathkeepers.org/2020/04/dr-graves-slams-dr-fauci-attack-on-liberty-amid-covid19/.

18 Nancy Oakley, “Detroit Rep Says Hydroxychloroquine, Trump Helped Save Her Life,” Oath Keepers, April 8, 2020, https://oathkeepers.org/2020/04/detroit-rep-says-hydroxychloroquine-trump-helped-save-her-life/.

19 Nancy Oakley, “Sheriff: I Won’t Assist in Destruction of Businesses or People’s Constitutional Rights,” Oath Keepers, April 20, 2020, https://oathkeepers.org/2020/04/sheriff-i-wont-assist-in-destruction-of-businesses-or-peoples-constitutional-rights/.

20 Oakley, “Mark Zuckerberg.”

21 Nancy Oakley, “Trump Rewrites the Book on Emergencies,” Oath Keepers, April 21, 2020, https://oathkeepers.org/2020/04/trump-rewrites-the-book-on-emergencies/.

The Radical Right is Weaponizing COVID-19 Online

      Bethan Johnson

      Within the first five months of 2020, COVID-19 spread across every populated continent and infected more than two million people, and estimates predict the infections and deaths of millions more. More than just a tragic outbreak of an infectious disease, COVID-19 has proven to be something of a social and political Rorschach Test.

Before movement restrictions came into effect, in multiple cities in the UK, for example, several Britons were arrested on suspicion of racially aggravated assault, beating and attacking members of the East Asian community, these representing just the horrible tip of an iceberg that includes unreported crimes and other forms of race-based discrimination against members of the East Asian diaspora in the UK.1

Beyond even these responses are those of the extreme radical right. On the one hand, reports have emerged from the US about the foiled attempt to literally weaponise COVID-19 by a neo-Nazi group.2 On the other is the rhetorical weaponising of COVID-19 online. From mainstream websites including YouTube and Twitter, to more specialist platforms such as Gab and Wire, extreme content has been flooding in about COVID-19, using it as a topical mechanism for reiterating racist and anti-state narratives essential to extremist ideologies. We can know that this is happening by simply believing what known members of the extreme right-wing are saying about their take on COVID-19, statements about ‘how we use this story’,3 or admissions that ‘it does look like the kind of event that’ll benefit people like ourselves’.4

Much of the content, for example, blames the outbreak on Chinese food standards and practices.5 This line of thinking is then expanded to more general commentary on the perceived brutality of Chinese food practices as compared to those in western or “white” countries, an argument still further broadened to present the nature of western standards and values as antithetical to “foreign” ones.6

Those, meanwhile, unwilling to draw links between COVID-19 and its origins in China or Chinese culture are accused of pushing a “PC” (political correctness) or an anti-white agenda, with one YouTube channel stating: ‘Just as the globalist left is indifferent to the suffering of white children in order to keep their diversity nightmare alive, so are they indifferent to the consequences for global health of not telling the truth about non-white cultures. It’s typical leftist madness, but this time it’s deadly leftist madness’.7

Given travel’s role in COVID-19’s global transmission, commentators also extrapolate that homogenous nation-states with hard borders would prevent crises such as this (or those in the future, they also warn), or otherwise link/blame migrants and non-white communities, multiculturalism, or current thinking on borders and diversity with the virus.8 The triggering of closed borders, meanwhile, is described as a positive for society, as well as a victory of nationalists. ‘We have to frankly be shameless as in using the coronavirus as a reason to advocate against mass immigration’, far-right YouTuber Millennial Woes explained in an AMA (Ask Me Anything).9

These strands combine to create a harmful meta-narrative for the extreme right, feeding into all the parts of human nature that seek to explain that which we do not understand or cannot control.10 The content gives audiences people and policies to blame—in the form of non-white people and pro-immigration politicians—and actions to take, i.e., to embrace extremist ideas and join an extreme right-wing group that will fight to end the globalised multicultural order.

      The narrative is proving troublingly popular. Beyond positive responses to extremists’ content on COVID-19, a basic analysis of the number of views of videos about COVID-19 often have as many if not more views (often in the thousands or tens of thousands) than videos posted on other topics previously, or those posted around the same time that are not about COVID-19.

      The issue of the rapid consumption of extremist content speaks to the other serious threat this pandemic poses to the fabric of our society. Isolation and social distancing not only grant those already radicalised more time to connect with one another, to plan and prepare propaganda or future attacks, they also allow new people to be indoctrinated as they consume easy to access extremist content online, with COVID-19 content as

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