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      Three orthogonal vortices

      Physics is founded on conserved quantities, such as those of energy, momentum, charge, which remain constant as a system evolves and can be relied upon. Elementary particle physics has introduced new conserved quantities: quantum numbers. From the start, elementary particle physics allocates to each particle a set of quantum numbers, which are retained at every particle decay and at every particle collision. As an analogy, a number of men (particles), some with hats, some with umbrellas or briefcases or both (quantum numbers), enter a meeting room, and after the meeting (collision of particles) go out again—but all the hats, umbrellas and briefcases are distributed differently among the men.

      Deductive physics attributes these quantum numbers to the conservation of vortices and their structures. Since

      –vortices are products of resonance and energy minimisation, they continue to exist in all processes. They form the foundations of all permanence of matter;

      –vortices can only exist in structures made up of threes, the topology of the structures also remains intact, which means in particular that the vortices are being conserved on each of the three axes. (To this end the standard model has put forward the law that the quarks forming a particle must have three different “colours” which are being conserved;

      –the structures that produce electrical fields are being conserved, the same applies also to the charges.

      In deductive physics, the large numbers of particles that appear in high-energy collisions in particle accelerators such as the LHC in Geneva correspond to a morphologically limited number of combinations of individual possible structures (similar to the arrangement of the elements in the periodic table).

      Electricity/charge

      “Charge” is an assumption—all that is experienced is the electrical force field. Physics attributed a cause to this—similarly to the attribution of a mass/gravity field. In deductive physics, on the other hand, charge is produced by the dynamics of masses and does not begin in the quark as a mysterious third or two-thirds charge18. There are no charges without mass as the bearer.

      An electrical field consists of hollow vortices, the angular momentum of which have elementary value ħ, which are radiated by an object19 (inductive physics: “virtual photons”). Electricity is a resonance, or quantum mechanical, phenomenon, not a further quantity from nothing.

      If two radiations meet head-on, they cancel each other out if they revolve counter to one another, which has the effect of attraction similar to that of sources and sinks. If they revolve in the same direction, they displace one another with a repulsion effect.

      The Maxwell equations of 1864 basically describe the quantity and movement accounting for the virtual photons, and deductive physics is able to produce them. Substituting one in the other results in the wave equation for the expansion of electromagnetic radiation (light). Magnetism results from a delayed effect of the electrical field, and is consequently a relativistic phenomenon. The ratio of the rest energy of an object mc2 to the field energy of its charges corresponds to the fine-structure constant α = 1/13720, which makes clear the purely geometric link between electrical field and mass dynamics.

      Electrical forces

      Molecules

      James Clerk Maxwell,

       1831–1879

      Molecules add complexity—now atoms “want” to come together and amazingly approach one another, but only to a certain distance. The protons and electrons repel one another and attract one another cross-wise. This is augmented by the “centrifugal force” of the electrons, caused by their (circular) motion, which also influence one another electromagnetically. The relationships cannot be precisely calculated and an approximation on the basis of the calculable is used. On the other hand, the binding energy can be measured precisely, at around one-third4.5 eV of the energy needed to bind an electron to the proton in the individual hydrogen atom. The magnitude is plausible if one considers the distances—between the two protons are two Bohr radii plus 1%, in other words twice the distance to the proton in which the individual electron is found.

      Niels Bohr, 1885–1962

      Molecular structures. The atoms in H₂O, for example, form an angle of 105 degrees, and this angle has a position in space, thus defining a plane. In the example of methane, CH₄, the four hydrogen atoms are bonded to the carbon atom in a perfect tetrahedron.

      Crystals

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