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       Table of Contents

      CHAPTER I.

       THE ROMAN IDEA AND THE ENGLISH IDEA.

       When did the Roman Empire come to an end? … 1–3

       Meaning of Odovakar's work … 3

       The Holy Roman Empire … 4, 5

       Gradual shifting of primacy from the men who spoke Latin, and their

       descendants, to the men who speak English … 6–8

       Political history is the history of nation-making … 8, 9

       The ORIENTAL method of nation-making; conquest without incorporation … 9 Illustrations from eastern despotisms … 10 And from the Moors in Spain … 11 The ROMAN method of nation-making; conquest with incorporation, but without representation … 12 Its slow development … 13 Vices in the Roman system. … 14 Its fundamental defect … 15 It knew nothing of political power delegated by the people to representatives … 16 And therefore the expansion of its dominion ended in a centralized Despotism … 16 Which entailed the danger that human life might come to stagnate in Europe, as it had done in Asia … 17 The danger was warded off by the Germanic invasions, which, however, threatened to undo the work which the Empire had done in organizing European society … 17 But such disintegration was prevented by the sway which the Roman Church had come to exercise over the European mind … 18 The wonderful thirteenth century … 19 The ENGLISH method of nation-making; incorporation with representation … 20 Pacific tendencies of federalism … 21 Failure of Greek attempts at federation … 22 Fallacy of the notion that republics must be small … 23 "It is not the business of a government to support its people, but of the people to support their government" … 24 Teutonic March-meetings and representative assemblies … 25 Peculiarity of the Teutonic conquest of Britain … 26, 27 Survival and development of the Teutonic representative assembly in England … 28 Primitive Teutonic institutions less modified in England than in Germany … 29 Some effects of the Norman conquest of England … 30 The Barons' War and the first House of Commons … 31 Eternal vigilance is the price of liberty … 32 Conflict between Roman Idea and English Idea begins to become clearly visible in the thirteenth century … 33 Decline of mediaeval Empire and Church with the growth of modern nationalities … 34 Overthrow of feudalism, and increasing power of the crown … 35 Formidable strength of the Roman Idea … 36 Had it not been for the Puritans, political liberty would probably have disappeared from the world … 37 Beginnings of Protestantism in the thirteenth century … 38 The Cathari, or Puritans of the Eastern Empire … 39 The Albigenses … 40 Effects of persecution; its feebleness in England … 41 Wyclif and the Lollards … 42 Political character of Henry VIII.'s revolt against Rome … 43 The yeoman Hugh Latimer … 44 The moment of Cromwell's triumph was the most critical moment in history … 45 Contrast with France; fate of the Huguenots … 46, 47 Victory of the English Idea … 48 Significance of the Puritan Exodus … 49 CHAPTER II. THE PURITAN EXODUS. Influence of Puritanism upon modern Europe … 50, 51 Work of the Lollards … 52 They made the Bible the first truly popular literature in England … 53, 54 The English version of the Bible … 54, 55 Secret of Henry VIII.'s swift success in his revolt against Rome … 56 Effects of the persecution under Mary … 57 Calvin's theology in its political bearings … 58, 59 Elizabeth's policy and its effects … 60, 61 Puritan sea-rovers … 61 Geographical distribution of Puritanism in England; it was strongest in the eastern counties … 62 Preponderance of East Anglia in the Puritan exodus … 63 Familiar features of East Anglia to the visitor from New England … 64 Puritanism was not intentionally allied with liberalism … 65 Robert Brown and the Separatists … 66 Persecution of the Separatists … 67 Recantation of Brown; it was reserved for William Brewster to take the lead in the Puritan exodus … 68 James Stuart, and his encounter with Andrew Melville … 69 What James intended to do when he became King of England … 70 His view of the political situation, as declared in the conference at Hampton Court … 71 The congregation of Separatists at Scrooby … 72 The flight to Holland, and settlement at Leyden in 1609 … 73 Systematic legal toleration in Holland … 74 Why the Pilgrims did not stay there; they wished to keep up their distinct organization and found a state … 74 And to do this they must cross the ocean, because European territory was all preoccupied … 75 The London and Plymouth companies … 75 First explorations of the New England coast; Bartholomew Gosnold (1602), and George Weymouth (1605) … 76 The Popham colony (1607) … 77 Captain John Smith gives to New England its name (1614) … 78 The Pilgrims at Leyden decide to make a settlement near the Delaware river … 79 How King James regarded the enterprise … 80 Voyage of the Mayflower; she goes astray and takes the Pilgrims to Cape Cod bay … 81 Founding of the Plymouth colony (1620) … 82, 83 Why the Indians did not molest the settlers … 84, 85 The chief interest of this beginning of the Puritan exodus lies not so much in what it achieved as in what it suggested … 86, 87 CHAPTER III. THE PLANTING OF NEW ENGLAND. Sir Ferdinando Gorges and the Council for New England … 88, 89 Wessagusset and Merrymount … 90, 91 The Dorchester adventurers … 92 John White wishes to raise a bulwark against the Kingdom of Antichrist … 93 And John Endicott undertakes the work of building it … 94 Conflicting grants sow seeds of trouble; the Gorges and Mason claims … 94, 95 Endicott's arrival in New England, and the founding of Salem … 95 The Company of Massachusetts Bay; Francis Higginson takes a powerful reinforcement to Salem … 96 The development of John White's enterprise into the Company of Massachusetts Bay coincided with the first four years of the reign of Charles I … 97 Extraordinary scene in the House of Commons (June 5, 1628) … 98, 99 The King turns Parliament out of doors (March 2, 1629) … 100 Desperate nature of the crisis … 100, 101 The meeting at Cambridge (Aug. 26, 1629),

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