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and media.

      While there is no single ‘standard’ or conventional way to conduct Speculative Design, most speculative designers make use of techniques drawn from futures studies (or futurology). These techniques

      include Trend Foresight and Horizon Scanning, but also more commonly Written Scenarios, which consists of positing ‘what if’ questions and following them to their logical conclusions (see Trend Foresight and Written Scenarios). Pluralizing the future in this way may lead to unanticipated, evocative results.

      Since Speculative Design often pro- ceeds as a form of storytelling, it makes use of fictionalizing techniques. These are meant to create compelling narratives and situations that are credible yet provocative.

      Speculative Design

      References & Further Reading: Dunne, A., & Raby, F., 2013. Speculative everything: design, fiction, and social dreaming. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. / Wakkary, R., Odom, W., Hauser, S., Hertz, G., & Lin, H., 2015. Material Speculation: Actual Artifacts for Critical Inquiry. Aarhus Series on Human Centered Computing , 1(1), 97-108. / Wilkie, A., Savransky, M., & Rosengarten, M. (Eds.)., 2017. Speculative Research: The Lure of Possible Futures. Abingdon, UK; New York: Routledge. / Bendor, R., van der Helm, A., & Jaskiewicz, T. (Eds.)., 2018. A Spectrum of Possibilities: A Catalog of Tools for Urban Citizenship in the Not-So-Far Future. Delft: Faculty of Industrial Design Engineering, Delft University of Technology.

      Tips & Concerns

      The significance lies in provoking the imagination and the sense of possibility in both the designer and the user.

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      Speculative Design should not be confused with other future-oriented design techniques such as Design Fiction in particular, which can be seen as ways to prepare for the future instead of illustrating the future’s malleability.

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      The construction of thought- provoking situations often works well with more nuanced rhetorical strategies such as humour, irony, and grotesque exaggeration.

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      Create a sense of personal relevance and affect while maintaining a critical distance from the design itself.

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      Limitations

      The success of Speculative Design processes relies on the fit between the chosen scenario, including its time-frame, cultural context, and protagonists. And the user’s interpretive strategies, such as their existing social imaginaries, cultural tropes, and background.

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      It is important to remember that the outcome may feel more like fanciful fantasy than critical speculation if the designed outcome is situated too far into the future, if the situation lacks credibility, or if the interaction lacks consistency.

      Speculative Design seeks to create and promote critical discourse around important social issues. By giving future possibilities a provocative and tangible form, designers attempt to disclose and challenge our social imaginaries. Speculating about the future using this mode can serve as a means to problematize our current conditions and contemplate future alternatives.

      perspectives

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      Graphs of economic growth are deeply political. They simplify and exclude a more troubling and complex reality. Apart from a few hiccups we’ve been moving upwards over the past hundred years. Moving up to no idea where. When seen against another graph, but this time that of species which have gone extinct in the same period, one realizes that this kind of progress can only be celebrated as a victory in isolation. (source: University of Idaho)

      The Māori tribes in New Zealand do not consider themselves masters of the universe but part of it. They fought a 140 year-long legal battle to grant the Whanganui River the same legal rights as a human being. They finally won the case in 2017 meaning that it would be treated as a living entity, as an indivisible whole, instead of treating it from the perspective of ownership and management. That perspective is not an anti-development, or anti-economic use of the river but one that begins with the view that a river is a living being, and then consider its future from that central belief. (wickimedia commons)

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      World economic growth

      extinsion of species

      How? With a More-Than-Human Design approach, you can experiment with ways to access and include the knowledge and behaviour of non-human entities in design work. In doing so, the method contributes to the development of a next generation of co-design methods. Non-human perspectives are the ‘views’ of plants, animals, or intelligent things, namely what they can ‘see’ and contribute to the understanding of a context. Such perspectives are usually included in the design process by means of multispecies ethnography and science and technology studies, and this can be realised with the aid of intelligent cameras, computational or bio-based sensors, and algorithms. It should be noted that this is not about how to see like a pigeon and how to empathise with the pigeon. It is about critically enhancing, complicating,

      and possibly challenging human blind spots and biases, specifically at the intersection of the data and trajectories that non-humans give access to and the theoretically informed analysis that humans bring to it.

      An example in this guide is the Thing Ethnography approach, which can be applied when designing connected products that can sense data, exchange them, and autonomously act upon the data across decentralised computational networks. The aim of the method is to map the interdependencies of a product ecosystem and its potential societal impact. However, the methods in this guide that are originally developed for human-centred design could be extended to explore and articulate the knowledge and behaviour of animals, plants, and intelligent things as well.

      More-Than-Human Design

      What & Why? Through design, we are transforming the planet to meet user needs and desires. While it is reasonable to assume a beneficial intent to design, the consequences of design are not always positive and such consequences can range from climate change to resource depletion to surveillance capitalism. A more-than- human perspective acknowledges that humans are more than users: they are part of an ecosystem. Within this ecosystem, it is not exclusively humans who act and produce effects; in fact, plants, animals, and intelligent things can create new possibilities too.

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      Mindset:

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