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Multivalued Maps And Differential Inclusions: Elements Of Theory And Applications. Valeri Obukhovskii
Читать онлайн.Название Multivalued Maps And Differential Inclusions: Elements Of Theory And Applications
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isbn 9789811220234
Автор произведения Valeri Obukhovskii
Жанр Математика
Издательство Ingram
(a)
(b)if the values of the multimap F are compact then
Proof. The inclusions
are evident.
(a) If
But then εm < ϱ(y, W) yields
(b) If
and, since the set F(x) is compact there exists ε > 0 such that Fε(x) ∩ W = . But then εm < ε impliesTheorem 1.2.47. For the upper semicontinuity of a multimap F : X → K(Y) it is necessary and, in the case of compactness of the multimap F, also sufficient that all the functions φn are lower semicontinuous (in the single-valued sense).
Proof. 1) Necessity. If the multimap F is upper semicontinuous then for each a > 0 and n the set
is open.
2) Necessity. Since the multimap F is compact, it is sufficient to show that for every compact set K ⊂ Y the set
For each m, the set
is closed. Applying Lemma 1.2.46 (b) we obtain
In conclusion of this section notice that for metric spaces we have the following refinement of Theorem 1.2.32.
Theorem 1.2.48. Let X and Y be metric spaces and F : X → K(Y) a closed quasicompact multimap Then F is upper semicontinuous.
Proof. Let x ∈ X be a point and V ⊂ Y an open set such that F(x) ⊂ V. If F is not u.s.c. at x there exists a sequence {xn} ⊂ X, xn → x such that we can choose a sequence yn ∈ F(xn)\V for all n = 1, 2, ... By virtue of the quasicompactness condition we can assume without loss of generality that yn → y ∉ V, contrary to y ∈ F(x).
1.3Operations on multivalued maps
In mathematics there are no symbols for obscure thoughts.
—Henri Poincaré
The variety of operations that can be defined on multimaps is intrinsically richer than for single-valued maps: such operations as union, intersection of multimaps and some others have no “single-valued” analogs. In this section we investigate the preserving of continuity properties of multimaps with respect to various operations on them.
1.3.1Set-theoretic operations
Let X, Y be topological spaces; {Fj}j∈J, Fj : X → P(Y) a family of multimaps.
Theorem 1.3.1. (a) Let multimaps Fj be upper semicontinuous. If the set of indices J is finite then the union of multimaps
is upper semicontinuous;
(b) Let the multimaps Fj be lower semicontinuous. Then their union
(c) Let multimaps Fj : X → C(Y) be closed. If the set of indices J is finite then the union
Proof. (a) Let V ⊂ Y be open, then in accordance with Lemma 1.2.7 (a)
and hence this set is open and by Theorem 1.2.15 (b) the multimap
(b) The assertion similarly follows from Lemma 1.2.8 (a) and Theorem 1.2.19 (b).
(c) It is easy to verify (do it!) that the graph