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      1 1 McGirt, Ellen. “World's 50 greatest leaders,” Fortune, April 18, 2019. Accessed on March 18, 2020. https://fortune.com/worlds-greatest-leaders/2019/search/

      2 2 “New class: The Forum of Young Global Leaders.” The Forum of Young Global Leaders. Accessed on March 18, 2020. https://www.younggloballeaders.org/new-class

      3 3 Posner, B.Z. “When It Comes to Leadership, Who Are the Role Models?” Working paper, Leavey School of Business, Santa Clara University, 2020.

      4 4 Posner, B.Z. “The Influence of Demographic Factors on What People Want from Their Leaders,” Journal of Leadership Studies, 2018, 12(2), 7–16.

      5 5 Hovland, C.I., Janis, I.I., and Kelley, H.H. Communication and Persuasion. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1953. Also see Cialdini, R. Influence: The Psychology of Persuasion. New York: Collins, 2007.

      6 6 Kouzes, J.M., and Posner, B.Z. Credibility: How Leaders Gain and Lose It, Why People Demand It (2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: The Leadership Challenge—A Wiley Brand, 2011.

      7 7 See, for example: Caza, A., Caza, B., and Posner, B.Z. “Transformational Leadership in Cultural Context: Follower Perception and Satisfaction,” Working paper, Leavey School of Business, Santa Clara University, 2020; Caza, A., and Posner, B.Z. “The Influence of Nationality on Followers' Satisfaction with Their Leaders,” Journal of Leadership, Accountability, and Ethics, 2017, 14(3), 53–62.

      8 8 For more information about these studies, you can find abstracts of over 800 of them on our website: https://www.leadershipchallenge.com/research/others-research.aspx. Also see Posner, B.Z. “Bringing the Rigor of Research to the Art of Leadership: Evidence Behind The Five Practices of Exemplary Leadership and the LPI: Leadership Practices Inventory.” http://www.leadershipchallenge.com/LeadershipChallenge/media/SiteFiles/research/our-research/tlc-our-research-bringing-the-rigor-of-research-to-the-art-of-leadership.pdf

      9 9 Kouzes, J.M., and Posner, B.Z. The Leadership Challenge: How to Make Extraordinary Things Happen in Organizations (6th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: The Leadership Challenge—A Wiley Brand, 2017.

      10 10 Kouzes, J.M., and Posner, B.Z. LPI: Leadership Practices Inventory (45th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: The Leadership Challenge—A Wiley Brand, 2017. https://www.leadershipchallenge.com/LeadershipChallenge/media/SiteFiles/resources/sample-reports/tlc-lpi-360-english-v5.pdf

      11 11 For more information about these studies, see our website: https://www.leadershipchallenge.com/research/others-research.aspx

      12 * Unless otherwise indicated, when we refer to “data” we are using the results from the sample and analysis described in the Appendix. The sample generally involves the independent viewpoints of the co-workers and colleagues who were asked to provide feedback on the leadership behaviors of one of their peers. They completed the Observer version of the Leadership Practices Inventory, provided demographic information, answered various questions regarding their workplace attitudes, and offered assessment of the leadership effectiveness of their peer.