LITMIR.BIZ

Preface

      This book is intended for undergraduate students in non‐electrical engineering disciplines such as architectural, civil, and mechanical engineering, physics, and chemistry, as well as professionals in related fields who want to acquaint themselves with electrical engineering as applied to energy or specifically to renewable energy. It is assumed that the reader has good high school and/or applied mathematics educational college background such as Calculus III – covering vector analysis, complex numbers, differentiation, ordinary differential equations, and partial derivatives as well as integration. This text integrates energy and electrical engineering technologies, starting from basic principles and covering detailed analyses of renewable and electric energy issues and their solutions. Application examples highlight conventional and renewable energy problems. Software programs such as Mathematica and PSPICE (Personal Computer Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis) are applied to solve component and system problems.

This book has evolved chiefly from the content of undergraduate electrical and energy engineering courses taught by the first author at the University of Colorado at Boulder and also draws on the second author's research experience at the University of California Berkeley's Energy and Resources Group and at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. It is suitable for students who do not have educational background in energy and electrical engineering, as well as for practicing engineers who want to refresh and enhance their knowledge in these disciplines through 125 application example solutions, 157 problems and their solutions in the 309-page Instructor Manual, and more than 449 reference citations (mostly journal and conference papers, as well as national and international standards and guidelines). The extensive and detailed inclusion of practical applications stresses learning by example. Up‐to‐date references are given through the inclusion of Internet addresses. The “Système International” (SI) of units has been used throughout with some reference to the American/English system of units. Note that mass has the units (e.g. kg or lb) and weight has the units (e.g. kg‐force or lb‐force), where lb stands for “librum” as used in the English technical literature.

P.1 Key Features

P.2 The Climate Dilemma

Figure P.1 illustrates the present warming distribution throughout the earth as published by National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s (NASA) Goddard Space Flight Center [1] where the measured global temperature during 2014 – indexed to the average values during the twentieth century – has increased by 0.68 °C. This average temperature increase, driven chiefly by human influence on the global carbon cycle as illustrated in Figure P.2 through deforestation and unrelenting emissions of greenhouse gases, captures our rationale for writing this book.

Figure P.1 Measured temperature anomalies during 2014 referring to the average values during the twentieth century, where the global average temperature in 2014 has increased [1] by 0.68 °C.

Figure P.2 CO₂ variation and increase [2] during the past 800 000 years.

A 2008 paper by NASA scientist James Hansen [3] shows that the true gravity of the situation due to human, or anthropogenic, effects on the environment includes impacts on biophysical environments, biodiversity, and other natural resources. Hansen set out to determine what level of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) society should aim for “if humanity wishes to preserve a planet similar to that on which civilization developed and to which life on Earth is adapted.” His climate models show that exceeding 350 parts per million (ppm) CO₂ in the atmosphere would likely have catastrophic effects. We have already surpassed that limit because environmental monitoring showed concentrations of around 400 ppm in 2014. This is particularly problematic because CO₂ and other greenhouse [4] gases (see Table P.1) remain in the atmosphere for a long time. Even if we shut down every fossil‐fueled power plant today, existing greenhouse gases will continue to warm the planet.

Table P.1 Greenhouse gases and their chemical formula, anthropogenic sources, atmospheric lifetime, and global warming potential (GWP) [4].

Greenhouse gas	Chemical formula	Anthropogenic sources	Atmospheric lifetime [1](years)	GWP [2] (100‐year time horizon)
Carbon dioxide	CO2	Fossil fuel combustion, Скачать книгу В начало < 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 > В конец