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       Clash of Racial Realities: “You Are Just Being Hypersensitive and Misreading the Situation!”

       Invisibility of Unintentional Biases: “I'm Not a Racist!”

       Perceived Minimal Harm of Microaggressions: “Don't Make a Mountain Out of a Molehill!”

       The Catch‐22 of Responding to Microaggressions: “You're Damned if You Do and Damned if You Don't!”

       The Way Forward: Dealing with Psychological Dilemmas

      Section Two—Microaggressive Impact on Targets and Perpetrators is composed of three chapters. In this section, we provide a model to understand the internal struggle of microaggression recipients, and the harm it has on their physical and mental well‐being. Quite new is our chapter on microaggressive perpetrators and the unique analysis of the impact that microaggressions have upon them.

       Chapter 4—The Microaggression Process Model: The Internal Struggle of Targets

       Tracing the Impact of MicroaggressionsPhase One—The Potential Microaggressive Incident or EventPhase Two—Initial Assessment and Questioning of the IncidentPhase Three—Reaction ProcessesPhase Four—Interpretation and MeaningPhase Five—Consequences and Impact

       The Microaggression Process Model: Recap

       The Way Forward: Strength through Adversity

       Chapter 5—Microaggressive Stress: Impact on Physical and Psychological Well‐Being

       Biological Stressors: A Roadmap to Understanding Microaggressive Harm

       Psychological and Social StressorsMicroaggressions and Daily HasslesImpact of Everyday HasslesThe Life‐Change Model of StressThe Transactional Model of StressSituating Stress in the Macro‐Context of Oppression

       The Harmful Effects of Microaggressive StressPhysical Health Effects of Microaggressive StressorsPsychological Health Effects of Microaggressive Stressors

       Strength through Adversity

       The Way Forward: Responding Strategically and Resisting Microaggressions

       Chapter 6—Microaggressive Perpetrators: Who, What, When, How, and Why?

       Who Are Microaggressive Perpetrators?

       How and Why Do Individuals Perpetrate Microaggressions?Using the Tools: Creating and Maintaining DominancePower to Impose a Biased Reality

       What Makes It So Difficult for Perpetrators to Recognize Their Privilege?Layer One—Fear of Appearing BiasedLayer Two—Fear of Recognizing One's Complicity in OppressionLayer Three—Fear of Acknowledging One's PrivilegeLayer Four—Fear of Taking Personal Responsibility to End Oppression

       What Are the Costs of Microaggressions to Perpetrators?Cognitive Costs of OppressionEmotional Costs of OppressionBehavioral Costs of OppressionSpiritual and Moral Costs of Oppression

       The Way Forward: The Ethical Mandate

      Section Three—Interrogating Microaggressions: On Research, Teaching, and Counseling is composed of three chapters. In this section, we discuss microaggressions from three different perspectives: (a) what has microaggression research revealed and how research methodologies can be used to study the phenomena, (b) how educators need to be cognizant of addressing and teaching about microaggressions, and (c) what mental health professionals need to address in their own personal awakening about microaggressions, and in the quality care of services delivered to culturally diverse clients.

       In Their Own Words: Qualitative Investigation of MicroaggressionsPurposive SamplesFocus GroupsIndividual InterviewsOther Data SourcesTrustworthiness

       Do Findings Generalize? Quantitative Investigation of MicroaggressionsMeasuring MicroaggressionsQuantitative Research Designs

       Summary

       The Way Forward: Future Research Directions

       Chapter 8—Teaching About Microaggressions

       Faculty Narratives: Facing Challenges in the ClassroomChallenges Faculty Members of Color FaceChallenges White Faculty Members Face

       Encountering Microaggressions in the Classroom

       Navigating Microaggressions: What Can Educators Do?

       Microaggressions Pedagogy: How to Teach about Microaggressions

       The Way Forward: General Strategies for Facilitating Difficult Dialogues on Race

       Chapter 9—Microaggressions in Counseling and Psychotherapy

       Underutilization of Mental Health Services

       Premature Termination and Quality of Mental Health Care

       Multicultural Counseling Competence

       Manifestation of Racial Microaggressions in Counseling and Psychotherapy

       Microaggressions Influence Counseling Process and OutcomesInnovative Research Approaches

       The Way Forward: Microaggressions Implications for Practice and Research

       Chapter 10—Microintervention Strategies for Disarming Microaggressions and Macroaggressions

       Microaggressions and Macroaggressions

       The Need to Take Action: Targets, Allies, and BystandersTargetsAlliesBystanders

       Responding to Microaggressions and Macroaggressions

       MicrointerventionsStrategic Goal: Make the “Invisible” VisibleStrategic Goal: Disarm the MicroaggressionStrategic Goal: Educate the PerpetratorStrategic Goal: Seek External Intervention or Support

       Microinterventions and Macroaggressions

       Context Matters

       The Way Forward: Microinterventions and the New Research Frontier

      It is important to note that a major goal of the text is to present research data, theory, and practical suggestions on how to overcome microaggressions that target members of marginalized groups and to make specific suggestions related to how microaggressions can be ameliorated at individual, institutional, and societal levels. To further emphasize remedial and preventive interventions, we updated the special concluding sections in each chapter, “The Way Forward,” to provide guidelines, strategies, and interventions that readers can enact to reduce the frequency and impact of microaggressions in our society. We also devote an entire chapter (Chapter 10) to offer readers a conceptual framework and specific microintervention tactics.

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