Monument Future - Siegfried Siegesmund

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Building stones. In: Siegesmund S, Snethlage R (eds) Stone in architecture-properties, durability. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. Pp. 11–96. Doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-14475-2_2.

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       WATER CONTENT ESTIMATION USING NON-DESTRUCTIVE TOOLS APPLIED TO ARCHAEOLOGICAL MATERIALS

      IN: SIEGESMUND, S. & MIDDENDORF, B. (EDS.): MONUMENT FUTURE: DECAY AND CONSERVATION OF STONE.

       – PROCEEDINGS OF THE 14TH INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON THE DETERIORATION AND CONSERVATION OF STONE –

       VOLUME I AND VOLUME II. MITTELDEUTSCHER VERLAG 2020.

      1 LRMH, Laboratoire de Recherche des Monuments Historiques, Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication, 29 rue de Paris, 77420 Champs-sur-Marne, France

      2 Centre de Recherche sur la Conservation (CRC), Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Ministère de la Culture, 36 rue Geoffroy Saint Hilaire, 75005 Paris, France

      3 L2MGC ; Laboratoire de Mécanique et Matériaux du Génie Civil-EA4114, CY Cergy Paris Université, 5 mail Gay Lussac, Neuville sur Oise 95031 Cergy-Pontoise, France

      4 GEC, Laboratoire Géosciences et Environnement Cergy, EA 4506, CY Cergy Paris Université, 1 rue Descartes, Neuville sur Oise 95031 Cergy-Pontoise, France

       Abstract

      Water content in stone is of primary relevance for the preservation of cultural heritage. High water content promotes the development of microorganisms and causes mechanical or physico-chemical alterations by swelling/shrinkage or dissolution/recrystallization of salt. The identification and then the control of the water transfer remain important to assess the risk of damage. A good prediction of the water content helps to develop some preventive action dedicated to the conservation of Heritage.

      The most accurate methods to measure water content require sampling and can only exceptionally be used. Few methods are non-destructive, but their accuracies are often limited.

      The aim of this study concerns the application of Non-Destructive Technics (NDT) to determine the water distribution within the building masonry, in particular the infrared imaging and electrical method.

      The electrical method enables to image the spatial and/or temporal variation of the electrical properties related to the water content distribution in the materials while infrared thermography provides the boundary limit conditions by the means of surface thermograms. Those methods are performed for several samples used as building materials in the archeological site of Vaux de la Celle (Genainville, France). The site concentrates various structures built between the 2nd and 4th century AD. The temple structure is constructed at the lowest part of the valley with its foundations in direct contact with the vadose zone where the water table fluctuates. Reproducibility and reliability are also provided through several experimental configurations.

       Introduction

      The damage of the stone building materials is closely related to change in the equilibrium between the stone and the atmosphere. Thus, instabilities introduced by the environmental variations are the driving force of stone damage. In such cases, the biggest threats to the stone are related to those 252cyclic factors (Benavente et al., 2008), which are related to water and heat transfer.

      The patterns of stone deterioration (ICOMOS ISCS, 2008) depend on the nature of the material and the weathering processes and are mainly linked with water content in its different aspects as its spatial and temporal distribution.

      The most common methods used to characterize water content and distribution within the porous materials need sampling in order to determine it by gravimetry (EN 16682, 2017). However, for heritage building, due to the invasive nature of the direct measurements approach it is better to use indirect non-destructive methods to characterize the water content.

      Indirect methods analyze the variation of a physical property and/or quantity of the materials which can be exploited to characterize moisture content. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), evanescent-field dielectrometry (EFD) (V. Di Tullio et al., 2010), infrared thermography and electrical resistivity surveys are the most common indirect non-destructive methods of sensing the water content of porous media.

      Infrared thermography allows to image the temperature map of the surface of the materials. Depending on endogenic or exogenic conditions, the temperature of the damped areas may vary from the dried parts. These thermal behaviors make the infrared thermography a powerful imaging method to make qualitative measurements of water content distribution. However, because the relationship between temperature and water content is highly affected by the material properties and the environmental conditions, quantitative measurements need calibration curves generated through controlled laboratory conditions (Grinzato et al., 2011).

      Resistivity methods are mostly used in geophysical survey for geological and archaeological applications. However, since they monitor the resistance of the material to the passage of an electric current, it can be applied to characterize water content in porous building materials. Indeed, this resistance is directly influenced by water content, its salinity, its temperature, as well as by its distribution within the pore network (Hassine et al., 2018). As for the infrared imaging method, due to the complex relationship between the different parameters affecting the resistivity measurements, quantitative analysis needs prior calibration data.

      Thanks to resistivity imaging methods providing volumetric information, and infrared thermography providing information from surface, the combination of the two methods can provide complementary information to characterize water content and its distribution.

      The work presented in this paper is dedicated to highlight the complementarity of the infrared and electric imaging methods. Such methods are used to characterize water content variations in limestone from an archeological site. The final goal is to establish the basis of a non-destructive method-based water content characterization protocol in situ.

       Materials

      The stone samples used in this research come from a Gallo-Roman temple which is part of the greater archaeological complex of Vaux-de-la-Celle located in the bottom of a valley at 60 km at the north west of Paris.

      Figure 1: Archaeological site location.

      The main structures of this archaeological site (theatre, sanctuary, basins…) were erected during the 2nd century A. D. (Vermeersch, 2009). The particular hydrogeological context characterizing this archaeological site is the presence of a water table that appears to be at or near the ground surface level in the lower topographical area of the valley where the sanctuary complex is erected (BRGM, 2531974). Since the foundations of the Temple might be in direct contact with the ground water, the erected parts of the structure are affected by capillary rise phenomena. Thus, from all major structures it has been chosen to analyze the limestone material from the Temple, which is the most representative building material of the walls from the architectural complex constituting the sacred area.

      In order to understand the flow properties of the water through the porous media the petrophysical properties have been characterized (porosity, permeability and

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