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example of this line of thinking, see Robin Morgan, “Goodbye to All That” (1970), in Rosalyn Baxandall and Linda Gordon, eds., Dear Sisters: Dispatches From the Women’s Liberation Movement (New York: Basic Books, 2000), 53–57.

33 Marge Piercy, “The Grand Coolie Damn,” Leviathan Magazine, November, 1969. Available online at http://www.cwluherstory.com/the-grand-coolie-damn.html (accessed January 8, 2012). Piercy is one of many feminists of the era whose complex views highlight the limits of the distinction between the feminist radicals and the radical feminists.

34 The historian Alice Echols frames this problem in terms of the rise of cultural feminism during the early seventies. Alice Echols, Daring to Be Bad: Radical Feminism in America, 1967–1975 (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1989). Some of the internal struggles around questions of class and race within the feminist movement are described on pages 204–210 and 291–293.

35 Heather Booth, Evi Goldfield, and Sue Munaker, Toward a Radical Movement (Somerville, MA: New England Free Press, 1968) represents an early version of this analysis. Goldfield was subsequently a founding member of STO. Available online at http://www.cwluherstory.com/toward-a-radical-movement.html (accessed January 8, 2012).

36 Carole Travis, a founding and long-time member of STO, attributes this view to herself at the end of the sixties. Interview with the author, June 6, 2006.

37 For more on Stonewall, see Martin Duberman, Stonewall (New York: Dutton, 1993) and David Carter, Stonewall: The Riots that Sparked the Gay Revolution (New York: St. Martins Griffin, 2005).

38 The most comprehensive historical account of SDS remains Kirkpatrick Sale, SDS (New York: Random House, 1973).

39 In addition to Sale, background on the origins of PL and its subsequent involvement in SDS can be found in Dan Berger, Outlaws of America, 75–91, and Max Elbaum, Revolution in the Air: Sixties Radicals Turn to Lenin, Mao and Che (New York: Verso, 2002), 63–64 and 69–72. My account of these events is based on these three renderings.

40 Noel Ignatin and Ted Allen, “The White Blindspot,” in Understanding and Fighting White Supremacy (Chicago: STO, 1976). This document was published repeatedly between 1967 and the mid-seventies. Sometime after his departure from STO in the mid-eighties, Noel Ignatin changed his name to Noel Ignatiev. For the sake of consistency, I will use “Ignatin” in reference to any document or activity that he was associated with during his time in STO, and reserve “Ignatiev” for statements made after his departure from the group.

41 Noel Ignatiev, interview with the author, January 27, 2006.

42 Sale describes the role of Chicago’s SDS head office repeatedly in his book, beginning in the “Fall 1965” section and continuing throughout.

43 Noel Ignatin, “The POC: A Personal Memoir,” Theoretical Review #12, September/October 1979. Available online at http://www.marxists.org/history/erol/1956-1960/ignatin01.htm (accessed January 9, 2012) The Provisional Organizing Committee to Reconstitute the Marxist Leninist Communist Party USA (or POC) was a small Stalinist splinter from the CPUSA formed in the late fifties.

44 W.E.B. Du Bois, Black Reconstruction in America, 1860–1880 (New York: Free Press, 1998 [1935]).

45 Noel Ignatin, “Meeting in Chicago,” Urgent Tasks #12, Summer 1981, 126–127.

46 C.L.R. James, State Capitalism and World Revolution (Chicago: Charles H. Kerr Publishing Company, 1986 [1950]), written in collaboration with Raya Dunayevskaya and Grace Lee, represents the most comprehensive of James’s many attacks on Stalinism.

47 Noel Ignatin, “Without a Science of Navigation We Cannot Sail in Stormy Seas, or, Sooner or Later One of Us Must Know,” in The Debate Within SDS: RYM II vs. Weatherman (Detroit: Radical Education Project, September, 1969).

48 Noel Ignatiev, interview with the author, January 27, 2006.

49 Sale details this sequence of actions in the section “Fall 1969.”

50 Noel Ignatiev, interview with the author, January 27, 2006.

51 John Kifner, “28-Year-Old Snapshots Are Still Vivid, and Still Violent,” New York Times, August 26, 1996.

52 The testimony of William Frapolly, an undercover investigator and prosecution witness during the trial, presents the government’s view of Katz’s role in the protests. Available online at http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/FTrials/Chicago7/Chi7_trial.html (accessed January 9, 2012)

53 Duggan subsequently became publicly identified with right-wing politics and founded a training school for elite bodyguards serving corporate executives and government officials, Executive Security International. A hagiographic capsule biography can be found online at http://www.esi-lifeforce.com/about-us/faculty/bob-duggan.html (accessed January 9, 2012). Duggan’s apparent political shift may have been more extreme than that of any other former member of STO.

54 Sale identifies both Goldfields as participating in the REP in the fall of 1966. For more on the struggles around Marlene Dixon, see Arthur Hochberg, “U of Chicago Students Seize Building, Protest Woman’s Firing,” New Left Notes, February 5, 1969.

55 Noel Ignatiev, interview with the author, January 27, 2006.

56 Heather Booth, Evi Goldfield, and Sue Munaker, Toward a Radical Movement (Somerville, MA: New England Free Press, 1968).

57 Ignatin’s name appears on the inside front cover of Beverly Jones and Judith Brown, Toward a Female Liberation Movement (Somerville, MA: New England Free Press, 1968), in author’s possession.

58 Her role

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