LITMIR.BIZ

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7.3.3 Composting

       7.3.4 Ex situ and in situ biological/chemical reduction—DARAMEND process

       7.3.5 Alkaline hydrolysis (AH)

       7.3.6 Solidification/stabilization (S/S)

       7.3.7 Pump and treat w/granular activated carbon (GAC)

       7.3.8 In situ bioremediation (ISB)

       7.4 Conclusions and further work

       References

       8 Characterization and monitoring of energetic compounds on training ranges: case studies in Alaska, United States

       8.1 Introduction

       8.2 Studied ranges

       8.3 Methods

       8.4 Results and discussion

       8.4.1 Range activities

       8.4.2 Potential point sources

       8.4.3 Fate and transport on ranges

       8.5 Conclusion

       References

       9 Heavy metal contamination on small arms shooting ranges

       9.1 Introduction

       9.2 Methods for contaminated site management

       9.2.1 Historical investigation

       9.2.2 Technical investigation

       9.2.3 Risk assessment

       9.2.4 Remediation concept

       9.3 Pollutant management techniques

       9.3.1 Improve construction properties of artificial backstops

       9.3.2 Drainage systems

       9.3.3 Avoid protected areas

       9.3.4 Adapt military training exercises to the terrain

       9.3.5 Correct maintenance and appropriate use of shooting ranges

       9.4 Case study shooting range, Flumserberg, Switzerland

       9.5 Discussion and conclusion

       References

       10 Metal and energetics survey of the Borris shooting range, Denmark

       10.1 Introduction

       10.2 History of Borris shooting range

       10.3 Conducting the survey

       10.3.1 Background

       10.3.2 Purpose

       10.3.3 Scope

       10.4 Compounds

       10.5 Sampling

       10.5.1 Artillery firing position

       10.5.2 Impact area artillery

       10.5.3 Anti-tank range

       10.5.4 Burn site surplus artillery propellant

       10.5.5 Hand grenade range

       10.5.6 Omme Å stream

       10.6 Results

       10.6.1 Artillery firing position

       10.6.2 Impact area artillery

       10.6.3 Anti-tank range

       10.6.4 Burn site surplus artillery propellant

       10.6.5 Hand grenade range

       10.6.6 Omme Å stream

       10.7 Assessment

       10.7.1 Artillery firing position

       10.7.2 Impact area artillery

       10.7.3 Anti-tank range

       10.7.4 Burn site surplus artillery propellant

       10.7.5 Hand grenade range

       10.7.6 Omme Å stream

       10.8 Conclusion

       11 Mitigation of the environmental footprint of a munition

       11.1 Introduction

       11.2 Development of field demilitarization methods in Canada and the USA for the destruction

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