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      Global Approaches to Environmental Management on Military Training Ranges

      Edited by

      Tracey J Temple and Melissa K Ladyman

       Cranfield University, Shrivenham, Swindon, SN6 8LA

      IOP Publishing, Bristol, UK

      © IOP Publishing Ltd 2020

      All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher, or as expressly permitted by law or under terms agreed with the appropriate rights organization. Multiple copying is permitted in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, the Copyright Clearance Centre and other reproduction rights organizations.

      Permission to make use of IOP Publishing content other than as set out above may be sought at [email protected].

      Tracey J Temple and Melissa K Ladyman have asserted their right to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

      ISBN 978-0-7503-1605-7 (ebook)

      ISBN 978-0-7503-1603-3 (print)

      ISBN 978-0-7503-1938-6 (myPrint)

      ISBN 978-0-7503-1604-0 (mobi)

      DOI 10.1088/978-0-7503-1605-7

      Version: 20191201

      IOP ebooks

      British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data: A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

      Published by IOP Publishing, wholly owned by The Institute of Physics, London

      IOP Publishing, Temple Circus, Temple Way, Bristol, BS1 6HG, UK

      US Office: IOP Publishing, Inc., 190 North Independence Mall West, Suite 601, Philadelphia, PA 19106, USA

      Contents

       Acknowledgements

       Editor biographies

       Contributors

       Message from the editors

       Abbreviations

       Introduction: a global approach to environmental management on military training ranges

       1 Scientific principles of environmental management

       1.1 Introduction

       1.2 Contextualising military training environments

       1.3 Behaviour of explosives in the environment

       1.3.1 Nitramine explosives

       1.3.2 Nitroaromatic explosives

       1.3.3 Propellants

       1.3.4 3-Nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one

       1.4 Predicting environmental behaviour of explosives

       1.4.1 Laboratory experiments

       1.4.2 Computational modelling

       1.4.3 Transformation and reaction processes

       1.5 Conclusion

       References

       2 Characterization of soils on military training ranges

       2.1 Introduction

       2.2 Background

       2.3 Steps in the multi-increment sampling process

       2.3.1 Sample quality criteria

       2.3.2 Material properties

       2.3.3 Theory of sampling

       2.3.4 Data evaluation and inference

       2.4 Error and error reduction

       2.4.1 Magnitude of error

       2.4.2 Controlling for error

       2.4.3 Other sources of error

       2.4.4 Minimizing sampling error

       2.5 Sampling

       2.5.1 Objectives

       2.5.2 Sampling

       2.5.3 Sources of error (see section 2.4)

       2.5.4 Best practices

       2.6 Sampling on snow and ice—a special case

       2.7 Sample processing and analysis

       2.7.1 How to process multi-increment soil samples to determine energetics

       2.7.2

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