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Summary of the sources of error

       2.7.3 Analytical processes

       2.8 Conclusion

       References

       3 Hydrologeological characterization of military training ranges and production of maps for land management

       3.1 Introduction

       3.1.1 Well location

       3.1.2 Preparation of drilling sites and safety procedures

       3.1.3 Drilling methods and cleaning procedures

       3.1.4 Well components

       3.1.5 Well development

       3.1.6 Water level measurements

       3.1.7 Well purging and groundwater sampling

       3.1.8 Analytical methods and quality control

       3.1.9 Hydraulic conductivity testing (slug tests)

       3.1.10 Conclusion

       3.2 Production of maps for land management of range training areas

       3.2.1 Introduction

       3.2.2 Aquifer vulnerability

       3.2.3 Hazard

       3.2.4 Risk

       3.2.5 Vulnerability of potential receptors

       3.2.6 Conclusions

       References

       4 Analysis of explosives in the environment

       4.1 Sample preparation

       4.2 Detection and chemical analysis of explosives

       4.2.1 Spectroscopic and spectrometric techniques

       4.2.2 Chromatographic techniques

       4.3 Conclusion

       References

       5 Environmental management of military ranges with the support of a life-cycle assessment approach

       5.1 Introduction

       5.2 Life-cycle assessment methodology

       5.2.1 Barriers for assessing the toxicological impacts on military ranges with the life-cycle assessment methodology

       5.2.2 USEtox method

       5.3 Life-cycle assessment of the use of ammunition in military ranges

       5.3.1 Description of the generic munition and inventory

       5.3.2 Impact assessment

       5.4 Discussion of the application of life-cycle assessment methodology to manage military ranges

       References

       6 Hazard assessment of exposure to ammunition-related constituents and combustion products

       6.1 Introduction

       6.2 Approaches to performing experiments, analyses and evaluations

       6.2.1 In silico prediction of emitted products

       6.2.2 Laboratory and field testing

       6.2.3 Military smokes

       6.2.4 Sampling and analysis

       6.3 Hazard assessment and evaluation

       6.3.1 General background/desktop approaches

       6.3.2 In vitro approaches

       6.3.3 In vivo approaches

       6.4 Recommendations and way forward

       6.4.1 Prediction of emitted products

       6.4.2 Recommendations for experimental setup and analysis

       6.4.3 Developments in toxicity assessment

       References

       7 Review of remediation technologies for energetics contamination in the US

       7.1 Introduction

       7.2 Background

       7.2.1 Analysis of energetic materials in environmental media

       7.2.2 Toxicology summary for energetic materials

       7.2.3 Development of risk screening levels (RSLs) for energetic materials in soils and groundwater

       7.3 Remedial technologies for energetic materials and co-contaminants

       7.3.1 Development and scale-up of remediation technologies

       7.3.2 Incineration

      

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