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1

Glyn Davies, A History of Money from Ancient Times to the Present Day, 3rd ed. (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2002).

2

Allan Chester Johnson, Paul Robinson Coleman-Norton, Frank Card Bourne, and Clyde Pharr, Ancient Roman Statutes: A Translation with Introduction, Commentary, Glossary, and Index, reprint (Clark, NJ: The Lawbook Exchange Ltd., 2003).

3

David Kinley, Money: A Study of the Theory of the Medium of Exchange (Phoenix, AZ: Simon Publications), 2003.

4

David Graeber, Debt: The First 5,000 Years (New York: Melville House, 2011).

5

Ibid.

6

J. Dyneley Prince, “Review: The Code of Hammurabi,” The American Journal of Theology, vol. 8, no. 3 (July 1904), pp. 601–609.

7

http://www.commonlaw.com/Hammurabi.html.

8

http://biblehub.com/genesis/17-13.htm.

9

F. W. Madden and F. W. Fairholt, History of Jewish Coinage, and of Money in the Old and New Testament (1864).

10

http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/weightsandmeasures.html.

11

Graeber, Debt.

12

J. Williams, J. Cribb, and E. Errington, Money: A History (London: British Museum Press, 1997).

13

http://rg.ancients.info/lion/article.html.

14

M. Moïssey Postan and H. J. Habakkuk, The Cambridge Economic History of Europe: Trade and industry in the Middle Ages (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1987).

15

http://www.pierre-marteau.com/editions/1701-25-mint-reports/report-1717-09-25.html.

16

A. M. Andreades, History of the Bank of England (Abingdon, UK: Frank Cass & Co., Ltd), 1966.

17

http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/of02-303/OFR_02-303.pdf.

18

Daniel Headrick, Technology: A World History (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009).

19

Marco Polo, The Travels of Marco Polo, a Venetian, in the Thirteenth Century: Being a Description, by that Early Traveller, of Remarkable Places and Things, in the Eastern Parts of the World (1818).

20

Davies, A History of Money.

21

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/613719/Umayyad-dynasty.

22

Mohd Nazri Bin Chik, “Sukuk: Shariah Guidelines for Islamic Bonds,” http://www.bankislam.com.my/en/Documents/cinfo/Sukuk_ShariahGuidelines.pdf, posted July 2, 2013.

23

Nathif J. Adam and Abdulkader Thomas, Islamic Bonds: Your Guide to Issuing, Structuring and Investing in Sukuk (London: Euromoney Books, 2004), p. 42.

24

Davies, A History of Money.

25

Ibid.

26

http://encyclopedia-of-money.blogspot.com/2011/10/seizure-of-mint-england.html.

27

http://www.banking-history.co.uk/history.html.

28

http://research.stlouisfed.org/publications/review/81/05/Classical_May1981.pdf.

29

Ibid.

30

Youssef Cassis, Capitals of Capital: A History of International Financial Centres, 1780–2005 (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2006).

31

http://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/articlei.

32

http://www.richmondfed.org/banking/federal_reserve_membership/.

33

http://www.federalreserve.gov/aboutthefed/section7.htm.

34

http://www.firstworldwar.com/.

35

Michael Clodfelter, Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000, 2nd ed. (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2002).

36

Niall Ferguson, The Pity of War (New York: Basic Books, 1998).

37

Sally Marks, “The Myths of Reparations,” Central European History, vol. 11, no. 3 (September 1978).

38

Ferguson, The Pity of War.

39

Craig K. Elwell, Brief History of the Gold Standard in the United States, Congressional Research Service Report for Congress, June 23, 2011.

40

Robert M. Dunn, Jr. and John H. Mutti, International Economics, 6th ed. (New York: Routledge, 2004).

41

Robert J. Carbaugh, International Economics, 10th ed. (Mason, OH: Thomson Southwestern, 2005).

42

Marc Flandreau, Carl-Ludwig Holtfrerich, and Harold James, International Financial

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