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The Bābur-nāma. Babur
Читать онлайн.Название The Bābur-nāma
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Автор произведения Babur
Жанр Зарубежная классика
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Again there is Marghīnān; seven yīghāch58 by road to the west of Andijān, – a fine township full of good things. Its apricots (aūrūk) and pomegranates are most excellent. One sort of pomegranate, they call the Great Seed (Dāna-i-kalān); its sweetness has a little of the pleasant flavour of the small apricot (zard-alū) and it may be thought better than the Semnān pomegranate. Another kind of apricot (aūrūk) they dry after stoning it and putting back the kernel;59 they then call it subḥānī; it is very palatable. The hunting and fowling of Marghīnān are good; āq kīyīk60 are had close by. Its people are Sārts,61 boxers, noisy and turbulent. Most of the noted bullies (jangralār) of Samarkand and Bukhārā are Marghīnānīs. The author of the Hidāyat62 was from Rashdān, one of the villages of Marghīnān.
Again there is Asfara, in the hill-country and nine yīghāch63 by road south-west of Marghīnān. It has running waters, beautiful little gardens (bāghcha) and many fruit-trees but almonds for the most part in its orchards. Its people are all Persian-speaking64 Sārts. In the hills some two miles (bīrshar‘ī) to the south of the town, is a piece of rock, known as the Mirror Stone.65 It is some 10 arm-lengths (qārī) long, as high as a man in parts, up to his waist in others. Everything is reflected by it as by a mirror. The Asfara district (wilāyat) is in four subdivisions (balūk) in the hill-country, one Asfara, one Warūkh, one Sūkh and one Hushyār. When Muḥammad Shaibānī Khān defeated Sl. Maḥmūd Khān and Alacha Khān and took Tāshkīnt and Shāhrukhiya,66 I went into the Sūkh and Hushyār hill-country and from there, after about a year spent in great misery, I set out (‘azīmat) for Kābul.67
Again there is Khujand,68 twenty-five yīghāch by road to the west of Andijān and twenty-five yīghāch east of Samarkand.69 Khujand is one of the ancient towns; of it were Shaikh Maṣlaḥat and Khwāja Kamāl.70 Fruit grows well there; its pomegranates are renowned for their excellence; people talk of a Khujand pomegranate as they do of a Samarkand apple; just now however, Marghīnān pomegranates are much met with.71 The walled town (qūrghān) of Khujand stands on high ground; the Saiḥūn River flows past it on the north at the distance, may be, of an arrow’s flight.72 To the north of both the town and the river lies a mountain range called Munūghul;73 people say there are turquoise and other mines in it and there are many snakes. The hunting and fowling-grounds of Khujand are first-rate; āq kīyīk,74 būghū-marāl,75 pheasant and hare are all had in great plenty. The climate is very malarious; in autumn there is much fever;76 people rumour it about that the very sparrows get fever and say that the cause of the malaria is the mountain range on the north (i. e. Munūghul).
Kand-i-badām (Village of the Almond) is a dependency of Khujand; though it is not a township (qaṣba) it is rather a good approach to one (qaṣbacha). Its almonds are excellent, hence its name; they all go to Hormuz or to Hindūstān. It is five or six yīghāch77 east of Khujand.
Between Kand-i-badām and Khujand lies the waste known as Hā Darwesh. In this there is always (hamesha) wind; from it wind goes always (hameshā) to Marghīnān on its east; from it wind comes continually (dā’im) to Khujand on its west.78 It has violent, whirling winds. People say that some darweshes, encountering a whirlwind in this desert,79 lost one another and kept crying, “Hāy Darwesh! Hāy Darwesh!” till all had perished, and that the waste has been called Hā Darwesh ever since.
Of the townships on the north of the Saiḥūn River one is Akhsī. In books they write it Akhsīkīt80 and for this reason the poet As̤iru-d-dīn is known as Akhsīkītī. After Andijān no township in Farghāna is larger than Akhsī. It is nine yīghāch81 by road to the west of Andijān. ‘Umar Shaikh Mīrzā made it his capital.82 The Saiḥūn River flows below its walled town (qūrghān). This stands above a great ravine (buland jar) and it has deep ravines (‘uṃiq jarlār) in place of a moat. When ‘Umar Shaikh Mīrzā made it his capital, he once or twice cut other ravines from the outer ones. In all Farghāna no fort is so strong as Akhsī. *Its suburbs extend some two miles further than the walled town.* People seem to have made of Akhsī the saying (mis̤al), “Where is the village? Where are the trees?” (Dih kujā? Dirakhtān kujā?) Its melons are excellent; they call one kind Mīr Tīmūrī; whether in the world there is another to equal it is not known. The melons of Bukhārā are famous; when I took Samarkand, I had some brought from there and some from Akhsī; they were cut up at an entertainment and nothing from Bukhārā compared with those from Akhsī. The fowling and hunting of Akhsī are very good indeed; āq kīyīk abound in the waste on the Akhsī side of the Saihūn; in the jungle on the Andijān side būghū-marāl,83 pheasant and hare are had, all in very good condition.
Again there is Kāsān, rather a small township to the north of Akhsī. From Kāsān the Akhsī water comes in the same way as the Andijān water comes from Aūsh. Kāsān has excellent air and beautiful little gardens (bāghcha). As these gardens all lie along the bed of the torrent (sā’ī) people call them the “fine front of the coat.”84 Between Kāsānīs and Aūshīs there is rivalry about the beauty and climate of their townships.
In the mountains round Farghāna are excellent summer-pastures (yīlāq). There, and nowhere else, the tabalghū85grows, a tree (yīghāch) with red bark; they make staves of it; they make bird-cages of it; they scrape it into arrows;86 it is an excellent wood (yīghāch) and is carried as a rarity87 to distant places. Some books write that the mandrake88 is found in these mountains but for this long time past nothing has been heard of it. A plant called Āyīq aūtī89 and having the qualities of the mandrake (mihr-giyāh), is heard of in Yītī-kīnt;90 it seems to be the mandrake (mihr-giyāh) the people there call by this name (i. e. āyīq aūtī). There are turquoise and iron mines in these mountains.
If people do justly, three or four thousand men91 may be maintained by the revenues of Farghāna.
(b. Historical narrative resumed.)92
As ‘Umar Shaikh Mīrzā was a ruler of high ambition and great pretension, he was always bent on conquest. On several occasions he led an army against Samarkand; sometimes he was beaten, sometimes retired against his
58
Kostenko (ii, 30), 71-3/4 versts
59
Instead of their own kernels, the Second W. – i-B. stuffs the apricots, in a fashion well known in India by
60
What this name represents is one of a considerable number of points in the
61
Concerning this much discussed word, Bābur’s testimony is of service. It seems to me that he uses it merely of those settled in towns (villages) and without any reference to tribe or nationality. I am not sure that he uses it always as a noun; he writes of a
62
Shaikh Burhānu’d-dīn ‘Alī
63
The direct distance, measured on the map, appears to be about 65 m. but the road makes
64
Ḥai. MS.
65
Of the Mirror Stone neither Fedtschenko nor Ujfalvy could get news.
66
Bābur distinguishes here between Tāshkīnt and Shāhrukhiya.
67
He left the hill-country above Sūkh in Muḥarram 910 AH. (mid-June 1504 AD.).
68
For a good account of Khujand
69
Khujand to Andijān 187 m. 2 fur. (Kostenko ii, 29-31) and, helped out by the time-table of the Transcaspian Railway, from Khujand to Samarkand appears to be some 154 m. 5-1/4 fur.
70
Both men are still honoured in Khujand (Kostenko i, 348). For Khwāja Kamāl’s Life and
71
72
Turkish arrow-flight, London, 1791, 482 yards.
73
I have found the following forms of this name, – Ḥai. MS., M: nūgh: l; Pers. trans. and Mems., Myoghil; Ilminsky, M: tugh: l;
74
Pers. trans.
75
These words translate into
76
77
Schuyler (ii, 3), 18 m.
78
Ḥai. MS.
This is a puzzling passage. It seems to say that wind always goes east and west from the steppe as from a generating centre. E. and de C. have given it alternative directions, east or west, but there is little point in saying this of wind in a valley hemmed in on the north and the south. Bābur limits his statement to the steppe lying in the contracted mouth of the Farghāna valley (
79
80
81
Measured on the French military map of 1904, this may be 80 kil.
82
Concerning several difficult passages in the rest of Bābur’s account of Akhsī,
83
The W. – i-B. here translates
84
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
The “lambskins” of L. and E. carry on a notion of comfort started by their having read
85
Var.
86
Steingass describes this as “an arrow without wing or point” (barb?) and tapering at both ends; it may be the practising arrow,
87
88
89
The Turkī word
90
Mr. Ney Elias has discussed the position of this group of seven villages. (
91
92
Elph. MS. f. 2b; First W. – i-B. I.O. 215 f. 4b; Second W. – i-B. I.O. 217 f. 4; Mems. p. 6; Ilminsky p. 7;
The rulers whose affairs are chronicled at length in the Farghāna Section of the B.N. are, (I) of Tīmūrid Turks, (always styled Mīrzā), (
In electing to use the name