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were major technical problems with absentee ballots not being mailed in time. A federal district judge allowed the Governor to extend the period by which absentee ballots could be postmarked, but the Republican party challenged this decision. In an extraordinary intervention, the US Supreme Court by a vote of five to four overturned the District Court decision, saying the election had to go on just as scheduled. People stood in long lines to vote, and several dozen caught coronavirus because of the primary election, but it led to the defeat of the Republican candidate for the supreme court.

      The best way to characterize the American constitutional response to the coronavirus pandemic is as one of a dialogue among governmental institutions. The primary actors have been state governors, and they have generally been very popular during this period. Loud and vocal groups have challenged them, mainly about the duration and extent of lockdowns. Freedom of assembly was in great evidence throughout the period of the coronavirus pandemic, as was freedom of speech. Various coronavirus deniers could promulgate their views, which seem to be popular among a large portion of the electorate.

      Courts have been active in monitoring governmental measures, and in some cases have stepped in to ensure the protection of constitutional rights. In some states, legislatures have pushed back against the governors, channeling popular discontent. This presumably informed the decisions to gradually lift the lockdowns, but the exact rules vary widely across the fifty states. This is of course appropriate in a large and diverse country.

      The response has been very politicized, in keeping with the current state of the American polity. A large and powerful minority is deeply distrustful of science, experts, and government. These voices exist in a democracy and have had a friend in President Trump. So, while the constitution has shown its efficacy in allowing a response that reflects the popular views, that response has also led to massive number of needless deaths. For this, we cannot blame the Constitution, but rather ourselves in the current state of the polity. However, the presidential election result showed that the public, in the end, rejected the “COVID deniers.” We must hope it is a moment of renewal for our constitutional democracy as well.

      1 Soos v. Cuomo, 1:20-cv-651, (S.D.N.Y. 2020)

      2 League of Women Voters of Va. v. Va. State Bd. Of Elections, No. 6:20-CV-00024, 2020 WL 2158249, at *8 (W.D. Va. May 5, 2020).

      3 Richard H. Pildes, The Constitutional Emergency Powers of Federal Courts (manuscript).

      Servirse de la pandemia para acentuar el autoritarismo: el caso venezolano

      Jesús María Casal Hernández

      1. EL ESTADO DE ALARMA: CONTEXTO Y PRETEXTO

      Lo expuesto permite entender que en Venezuela el estado de alarma declarado por Nicolás Maduro ante la pandemia, que es uno de los estados de excepción previstos en la Constitución, no va dirigido propiamente a restablecer una normalidad cónsona con el Estado democrático de Derecho, sino combina los propósitos de protección de la salud con los propios del esquema autoritario de gobierno imperante.

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