LITMIR.BIZ

      FoxP2-mi RNA modulation in neurological processes Several studies on songbirds explained how the expression and effects of FOXP2 are influenced by the miRNAs. According to Haesler et al. (2004) and Teramitsu et al. (2004) miRNA expression is indirectly proportional to the FOXP2 level. According to Mohd et al. (2017)intronic miR-3666 modulates different FOXP2 functions such as neuronal growth and development and may contribute to the pathogenesis of schizophrenia and autism. According to Haesler et al. „Incomplete and Inaccurate Vocal Imitation after Knockdown of FoxP2 in Songbird Basal Ganglia Nucleus Area X“ (2007) the reduction of FoxP2 in Area X impaires neuronal dendritic development and learning of singing patterns in young zebra finches. This impairment can be a result of negative miRNAs effect on FOXP2 (Shi et al., 2013). Hessler's group detected with the help of dual luciferase assays, western blotting, Area X tissue dissection, RNA isolation and in situ hybridization that miR-9 and miR-140-5p as well as FoxP2 Expression in Area X was non-linear during vocal learning, so the decline of FoxP2 expression was slow during the growth of the zebra finches, whereas its decline in adult males during undirected vocalisation took place within a few hours. This suggests that mRNA decay does not happen during

      transcriptional repression. The researchers proposed a thesis that mRNA decay, induced by the vocalization and mediated by the miRNAs, provides a rapid response to environmental changes, which are necessary for social behaviour. Using lentivirus-mediated RNAi it was possible to prevent accurate song imitation by juveniles. (Haesler et al., 2007; Haeston and White, 2015)

       In „Multiple microRNAs regulate human FOXP2 gene expression by targeting sequences in its 3 'untranslated region“ (2014) Fu et al. identified the untranslated UTR3 region of the FOXP2 gene as a regulatory element . Using the microRNAs that interact with this region, they were able to control FOXP2 expression. The FOXP2 mRNA has an approximately 4 kb 3 'untranslated region (3' UTR). It is twice as long as its protein-coding region. This indicates that FOXP2 can be regulated by miRNAs. The expression patterns of let-7a, miR-9 and miR-129-5p in human foetal cerebellum reflect their role in the regulation of FOXP2 expression during early development. These results suggest that various genetic and environmental factors may contribute to speech development. The associated neuronal developmental disorders are influenced, among others, by the miRNA-FOXP2 regulatory network.

       Clovis et al. (2012) found that miR-9 and miR-132 could prevent ectopic Foxp2 expression on 3'UTR, which leads to disruption of radial migration in the neocortex of mouse embryos.

      HFS diet showed neuroprotective affects, via miR-21 miR-22, miR-34 and miR-101, wich decreases expression of E2F3 and SIRT1 (Kumazaki et al., 2013) , but also via miR-146a, miR-200 and let-7.

      Interestingly anti-aging natural products isoflavone, (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate, 3,3′-diindolylmethane, indole-3-carbinol, Curcumin positively affects Alzheimer, cardiovascular diseases, atopic asthma, Crohn’s disease, acute and chronic kidney injury, myeloma, glioblastoma, chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, cell lymphoma, osteosarcoma, colo-rectal-, breast-, non-small cell lung cancer and Helicobacter Pylori caused Ulcus. Berberine positively affects hyper-lipemia, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, colorectal adenoma and Helicobacter pylori caused Ulcus too. It would be interesting to investigate if these effects are congruent with miR expression.