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PROPERTIES OF EARTH MATERIALS 16.3. PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY TOMOGRAPHY 16.4. MONITORING SYSTEM DESIGN AND DEPLOYMENT 16.5. DATA PROCESSING 16.6. CASE STUDIES 16.7. FUTURE STUDIES ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES 17 Monitoring of Large‐Scale CO₂ Injection Using CSEM, Gravimetric, and Seismic AVO Data 17.1. INTRODUCTION 17.2 FORWARD MODELS 17.3. INVERSE PROBLEM 17.4 NUMERICAL EXPERIMENTS 17.5 CONCLUSIONS APPENDIX APPENDIX A REDUCED, SMOOTHED LEVEL‐SET REPRESENTATION APPENDIX B INITIAL ENSEMBLE GENERATION APPENDIX C SAMPLE MEAN AND COVARIANCE MATRIX REFERENCES 18 Self‐Potential Monitoring for Geologic Carbon Dioxide Storage 18.1. INTRODUCTION 18.2. MECHANISMS OF SP GENERATION 18.3. ILLUSTRATIVE CALCULATIONS OF SP POSTPROCESSOR 18.4. FIELD OBSERVATIONS 18.5. CONCLUDING REMARKS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES

      11  Part IV: Case Studies of Geophysical Monitoring 19 Microseismic Monitoring, Event Location, and Focal Mechanisms at the Illinois Basin–Decatur Project, Decatur, Illinois, USA 19.1. INTRODUCTION 19.2. GEOLOGIC SETTING AND SEISMIC HISTORY 19.3. MONITORING 19.4. SUBSURFACE ARRAY CALIBRATION 19.5. EVENT CHARACTERIZATION 19.6. MODEL INTEGRATION 19.7. DISCUSSION AND SUMMARY ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES 20 Associated Storage With Enhanced Oil Recovery 20.1. INTRODUCTION 20.2. METHODS 20.3. SITE CHARACTERIZATION 20.4. MVA 20.5. SIMULATION AND MODELING 20.6. RISK ASSESSMENT 20.7. CO₂ ACCOUNTING AND IMPACT TO OIL RECOVERY 20.8. CONCLUSIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS DISCLAIMER REFERENCES 21 Testing Geophysical Methods for Assessing CO₂ Migration at the SECARB Early Test, Cranfield, Mississippi, USA 21.1. INTRODUCTION 21.2. METHODS 21.3. RESULTS 21.4. DISCUSSION 21.5. CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES 22 Toward Quantitative CO₂ Monitoring at Sleipner, Norway 22.1. INTRODUCTION 22.2. GEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND AND MODELS 22.3. METHODOLOGY 22.4. SLEIPNER CASE STUDY 22.5. DISCUSSION 22.6. CONCLUSIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES 23 Geophysical Monitoring of CO₂ Injection at Ketzin, Germany 23.1. INTRODUCTION 23.2. KETZIN SITE GEOLOGY AND CHARACTERIZATION 23.3. CO₂ INJECTION OPERATION 23.4. PETROPHYSICAL MEASUREMENTS 23.5. GEOPHYSICAL MONITORING 23.6. DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 23.7. CONCLUSIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES 24 Geophysical Monitoring Techniques 24.1. SUMMARY OF ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS 24.2.

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