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80% [208] Pseudomonas fluorescens and Candida rugosa Accurel PE-100 microporous polypropylene powder Used palm oil Ethanol >67% [209] Immobilized Pseudomonas fluorescens lipase followed by immobilized Pseudomonas cepacia lipase macroporous polypropylene Soybean oil Methanol 98% [210] Combined use of Lipozyme TL IM and Novozym 435 Lipozyme TL IM immobilized on acrylic resin and Novozym 435 immobilized on microporous resin waste cooking sunflower oil Methanol 99% [211] Novozym 435 (CALB) and Lipozyme RM-IM (RML) RML immobilized on an anion-exchange resin, and CALB immobilized on a macroporous resin Soybean oil Ethanol 80% [212] Canola oil Methanol >95% [213] Combination of Rhizopus arrhizus lipase and Candida antarctica lipase B microporous polypropylene Accurel MP1000 Triolein Ethanol 96% [214] Candida rugosa lipase followed by Novozym 435 Macroporous acrylic resin Acid oil, product of vegetable oil Methanol 91% [215]

      1.11.2 Microwave and Ultrasonic-Assisted Reaction

      Researchers have produced some good results in the past couple of years using ultrasonication method. Ultrasound-assisted transesterification of soybean oil using ethanol and Novozyme 435 resulted in ~78 % yield in just 1 h. this method of assistance has the potential to become alternative to the alkali catalyzed or conventional enzymatic biodiesel production [229]. In another experiment, sunflower oil and methanol were used for biodiesel production in the presence of Lipozyme TL-IM under ultrasound-assisted system. Results indicated that ultrasound assistance suppresses the much needed requirement of using methanol, making the reaction fast and clean [230]. Conventional transesterification using bath process technique requires a lot of time because phase separation and recovery of glycerol and biodiesel is a time-consuming process. Use of ultrasound and microwave is very helpful in this regard and it has been proved that ultrasound and microwave assistance make the reaction rapid and cost efficient.

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