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Some of the commonly used fungal lipases for biodiesel production.

Enzyme	Immobilized on	Substrate	Acyl acceptor	Yield	Reference
Candida antartica Lipase	Activated textile cloth	Waste cooking oil	Methanol	91.08%	[157]
	Polyurethane foam	Soybean oil	Ethanol	81%	[158]
	Acrylic resin	Sunflower oil	Ethyl acetate	92.7%	[78]
		Soybean oil	Methanol	83.31%	[95]
Candida rugosa Lipase	Microporous bio silica-polymer	Scenedesmus quadricauda microalgal oil	Methanol	96.4%	[59]
	Poly(styrenemethacrylic acid) microsphere	Soybean oil	Methanol	86%	[159]
	within an activated carbon as support	Palm oil	Methanol	70%	[160]
Thermomyces lanuginosus Lipase	Olive pomace	Pomace oil	Methanol	93%	[161]
	Phyllosilicate sol-gel matrix	Grease	Ethanol	80-90%	[162]
	Mesoporous polyhydroxybutyrate particles (PHB)	Oleic acid	Methanol and Ethanol	90%	[163]
	Toyopearl AF-amino-650M resin	Babassu oil	Ethanol	86.6%	[164]

Table 1.3 Some examples commercial lipases commonly used for biodiesel production.

Enzyme	Substrate	Acyl acceptor	Reaction yield	Reference
Novozyme 435	Chlorella sp. KR-1	Dimethyl carbonate and methanol mixture	90%	[145]
	Sunflower oil	Methanol, Absolute ethanol, 1-propanol	>90%	[146]
	Oleic acid	Ethanol, n-propanol, and n-butanol	>90%	[147]
	Crude soybean oil	Methanol	94%	[148]
	Soybean oil	Ethyl acetate	63.3 %	[149]
	Soybean oil	Ethanol		[150]
Lipozyme TL IM	Soybean oil	Methanol	>90%	[151]
	Crude palm oil	Methanol	96.15%	[90]
	Waste cooking oil	Methanol	92.8%	[152]
	Palm oil	Oleyl alcohol	79.54%	[153]
	Corn oil	Methanol	92%	[154]
Lipozyme RM IM	Crude rapeseed oil	Monoacylglycerol	90%	[155]
	Sunflower oil	Methanol	>80%	[82]
	Castor oil	Ethanol	98%	[3]
	Soybean oil deodorizer distillate	Ethanol	>88%	[156]

Extracellular lipases are separated from broth containing lipase producing cells and after purification used as a catalyst in biodiesel production processes [55]. The way to purify extracellular lipases depends upon its structure and source organism [80]. Mostly extracellular lipases are used in the immobilized form for transesterification than as free lipases because of the low conversion rate and costly process [11]. Literature is full of different methods as well as materials used for immobilization of extracellular lipases. Main methods for immobilization involve cross linking, carrier binding and entrapment while the most commonly used materials for immobilization include silica, magnetic particles, and nanofibers or nanoparticles for carrier binding, alginate beads, gels, and silicon polymers for entrapment and glutaraldehyde for cross-linking [47]. The use of a suitable solvent in case of extracellular lipase

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