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several hundred at McMurdo Station (US) note: information for US bases only (2001)

      Internet country code: .aq

      Internet Service Providers (ISPs): NA

      Transportation Antarctica

      Ports and harbors: there are no developed ports and harbors in Antarctica; most coastal stations have offshore anchorages, and supplies are transferred from ship to shore by small boats, barges, and helicopters; a few stations have a basic wharf facility; US coastal stations include McMurdo (77 51 S, 166 40 E), Palmer (64 43 S, 64 03 W); government use only except by permit (see Permit Office under "Legal System"); all ships at port are subject to inspection in accordance with Article 7, Antarctic Treaty; offshore anchorage is sparse and intermittent

      Airports: 30 (2001) note: 27 stations, operated by 16 national governments party to the Antarctic Treaty, have aircraft landing facilities for either helicopters and/or fixed-wing aircraft; commercial enterprises operate two additional aircraft landing facilities; helicopter pads are available at 27 stations; runways at 15 locations are gravel, sea-ice, blue-ice, or compacted snow suitable for landing wheeled, fixed-wing aircraft; of these, 1 is greater than 3 km in length, 6 are between 2 km and 3 km in length, 3 are between 1 km and 2 km in length, 3 are less than 1 km in length, and 2 are of unknown length; snow surface skiways, limited to use by ski-equipped, fixed-wing aircraft, are available at another 15 locations; of these, 4 are greater than 3 km in length, 3 are between 2 km and 3 km in length, 2 are between 1 km and 2 km in length, 2 are less than 1 km in length, and 4 are of unknown length; aircraft landing facilities generally subject to severe restrictions and limitations resulting from extreme seasonal and geographic conditions; aircraft landing facilities do not meet ICAO standards; advance approval from the respective governmental or nongovernmental operating organization required for landing; landed aircraft are subject to inspection in accordance with Article 7, Antarctic Treaty

      Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 19 over 3,047 m: 6 2,438 to 3,047 m: 3 914 to 1,523 m: 4 under 914 m: 5 (2001) 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1

      Heliports: 27 stations have helicopter landing facilities (helipads) (2001)

      Military Antarctica

      Military - note: the Antarctic Treaty prohibits any measures of a military nature, such as the establishment of military bases and fortifications, the carrying out of military maneuvers, or the testing of any type of weapon; it permits the use of military personnel or equipment for scientific research or for any other peaceful purposes

      Transnational Issues Antarctica

      Disputes - international: Antarctic Treaty freezes claims (see Antarctic Treaty Summary in Government type entry); sections (some overlapping) claimed by Argentina, Australia, Chile, France, NZ, Norway, and UK; the US and most other states do not recognize the territorial claims of other states and have made no claims themselves (the US and Russia reserve the right to do so); no claims have been made in the sector between 90 degrees west and 150 degrees west; several states with land claims in Antarctica have expressed their intention to submit data to the UN Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf to extend their continental shelf claims to adjoining undersea ridges

      This page was last updated on 1 January 2002

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      Bahrain

      Introduction

      Bahrain

      Background: Bahrain's small size and central location among Persian Gulf countries require it to play a delicate balancing act in foreign affairs among its larger neighbors. Possessing minimal oil reserves, Bahrain has turned to petroleum processing and refining, and has transformed itself into an international banking center. The new amir is pushing economic and political reforms, and has worked to improve relations with the Shi'a community. In February 2001, Bahraini voters approved a referendum on the National Action Charter - the centerpiece of the amir's political liberalization program.

      Geography Bahrain

      Location: Middle East, archipelago in the Persian Gulf, east of Saudi

       Arabia

      Geographic coordinates: 26 00 N, 50 33 E

      Map references: Middle East

      Area: total: 665 sq km water: 0 sq km land: 665 sq km

      Area - comparative: 3.5 times the size of Washington, DC

      Land boundaries: 0 km

      Coastline: 161 km

      Maritime claims: contiguous zone: 24 NM territorial sea: 12 NM continental shelf: extending to boundaries to be determined

      Climate: arid; mild, pleasant winters; very hot, humid summers

      Terrain: mostly low desert plain rising gently to low central escarpment

      Elevation extremes: lowest point: Persian Gulf 0 m highest point:

       Jabal ad Dukhan 122 m

      Natural resources: oil, associated and nonassociated natural gas, fish, pearls

      Land use: arable land: 5% permanent crops: 4% other: 91% (1998 est.)

      Irrigated land: 50 sq km (1998 est.)

      Natural hazards: periodic droughts; dust storms

      Environment - current issues: desertification resulting from the degradation of limited arable land, periods of drought, and dust storms; coastal degradation (damage to coastlines, coral reefs, and sea vegetation) resulting from oil spills and other discharges from large tankers, oil refineries, and distribution stations; lack of freshwater resources, groundwater and seawater are the only sources for all water needs

      Environment - international agreements: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Geography - note: close to primary Middle Eastern petroleum sources; strategic location in Persian Gulf, which much of Western world's petroleum must transit to reach open ocean

      People Bahrain

      Population: 656,397 note: includes 228,424 non-nationals (July 2002 est.)

      Age structure: 0-14 years: 29.2% (male 97,022; female 94,605) 15-64 years: 67.7% (male 261,919; female 182,727) 65 years and over: 3.1% (male 10,230; female 9,894) (2002 est.)

      Population growth rate: 1.67% (2002 est.)

      Birth rate: 19.53 births/1,000 population (2002 est.)

      Death rate: 3.95 deaths/1,000 population (2002 est.)

      Net migration rate: 1.09 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2002 est.)

      Sex ratio: at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.43 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 1.03 male(s)/female total population: 1.29 male(s)/female (2002 est.)

      Infant mortality rate: 19.18 deaths/1,000 live births (2002 est.)

      Life expectancy at birth: 75.96 years (2002 est.) male: Total fertility rate: 2.75 children born/woman (2002 est.)

      HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: 0.15% (1999 est.)

      HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: NA

      HIV/AIDS - deaths: NA

      Nationality: noun: Bahraini(s) adjective: Bahraini

      Ethnic groups: Bahraini 63%, Asian 19%, other Arab 10%, Iranian 8%

      Religions: Shi'a Muslim 70%, Sunni Muslim 30%

      Languages: Arabic, English, Farsi, Urdu

      Literacy: definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 88.5% male: 91.6% female: 84.2% (2002 est.)

      Government Bahrain

      Country name: Kingdom of Bahrain conventional short form: Mamlakat al Bahrayn

      Government type: constitutional hereditary monarchy

      Capital:

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