LITMIR.BIZ

Скачать книгу

Yugoslav federation.

       Although agriculture has been almost all in private hands, farms have

       been small and inefficient, and the republic traditionally has been a

       net importer of food. Industry has been greatly overstaffed, one

       reflection of the rigidities of Communist central planning and

       management. Tito had pushed the development of military industries in

       the republic with the result that Bosnia hosted a large share of

       Yugoslavia's defense plants. As of April 1994, Bosnia and Herzegovina

       was being torn apart by the continued bitter interethnic warfare that

       has caused production to plummet, unemployment and inflation to soar,

       and human misery to multiply. No reliable economic statistics for

       1992–93 are available, although output clearly has fallen

       substantially below the levels of earlier years.

       National product:

       GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $NA

       National product real growth rate:

       NA%

       National product per capita:

       $NA

       Inflation rate (consumer prices):

       NA%

       Unemployment rate:

       NA%

       Budget:

       revenues:

       $NA

       expenditures:

       $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA

       Exports:

       $NA

       commodities:

       NA

       partners:

       NA

       Imports:

       $NA

       commodities:

       NA

       partners:

       NA

       External debt:

       $NA

       Industrial production:

       growth rate NA%; production is sharply down because of interethnic and

       interrepublic warfare (1991–93)

       Electricity:

       capacity:

       NA kW

       production:

       NA kWh

       consumption per capita:

       NA kWh

       Industries:

       steel production, mining (coal, iron ore, lead, zinc, manganese, and

       bauxite), manufacturing (vehicle assembly, textiles, tobacco products,

       wooden furniture, 40% of former Yugoslavia's armaments including tank

       and aircraft assembly, domestic appliances), oil refining (1991)

       Agriculture:

       accounted for 9.0% of GDP in 1989; regularly produces less than 50% of

       food needs; the foothills of northern Bosnia support orchards,

       vineyards, livestock, and some wheat and corn; long winters and heavy

       precipitation leach soil fertility reducing agricultural output in the

       mountains; farms are mostly privately held, small, and not very

       productive (1991)

       Illicit drugs:

       NA

       Economic aid:

       $NA

       Currency:

       1 dinar = 100 para; Croatian dinar used in Croat-held area, presumably

       to be replaced by new Croatian kuna; old and new Serbian dinars used

       in Serb-held area; hard currencies probably supplanting local

       currencies in areas held by Bosnian government

       Exchange rates:

       NA

       Fiscal year:

       calendar year

      @Bosnia and Herzegovina, Communications

      Railroads:

       NA km

       Highways:

       total:

       21,168 km

       paved:

       11,436 km

       unpaved:

       gravel 8,146 km; earth 1,586 km (1991)

       Inland waterways:

       NA km

       Pipelines:

       crude oil 174 km; natural gas 90 km (1992); note - pipelines now

       disrupted

       Ports:

       coastal - none; inland - Bosanski Brod on the Sava River

       Airports:

       total:

       28

       usable:

       24

       with permanent-surface runways:

       5

       with runways over 3659:

       0

       with runways 2440–3659 m:

       3

       with runways 1220–2439 m:

       6

       Telecommunications:

       telephone and telegraph network is in need of modernization and

       expansion, many urban areas being below average compared with services

       in other former Yugoslav republics; 727,000 telephones; broadcast

       stations - 9 AM, 2 FM, 6 TV; 840,000 radios; 1,012,094 TVs; satellite

       ground stations - none

      @Bosnia and Herzegovina, Defense Forces

      Branches:

       Army

       Manpower availability:

       males age 15–49 1,298,102; fit for military service 1,054,068; reach

       military age (19) annually 38,283 (1994 est.)

       Defense expenditures:

       $NA, NA% of GDP

      @Botswana, Geography

      Location:

       Southern Africa, north of South Africa

       Map references:

       Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World

       Area:

       total area:

       600,370 sq km

       land area:

       585,370 sq km

       comparative area:

       slightly smaller than Texas

       Land boundaries:

       total 4,013 km, Namibia 1,360 km, South Africa 1,840 km, Zimbabwe 813

       km

       Coastline:

       0 km (landlocked)

       Maritime claims:

       none; landlocked

       International disputes:

       short section of boundary with Namibia is indefinite; quadripoint with

      

Скачать книгу